CRIMINOLOGY : Crime Causation, Sentencing and Rehabilitation of Victims is intended to fill the gap perceived by students in this subject. This book explores and restates the existing ideas and theories in the discipline of criminology. It scrutinizes various established theories and principles related to criminology, and attempts to link them with the Indian legal system. With critical case analysis, this work attempts to construct and de-construct the existing principles of criminology with present day trends in India. Special attention has been paid to issues like police reforms, sentencing, compensation and justice for victims, and their rehabilitation.
"Contents
Contents
Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
1 Introduction to Criminology 1
Crime: Definition, Nature and Scope 1
(a) Why Crime? 3
(b) Rules of ‘Social Norms’ and Reasons for Deviance 5
Crime and Deviance: Some Explorations 5
(a) Crime and Theories of Social Deviance 5
(b) Determinism of Behaviour 6
(c) Crime and Religion 7
(d) Crime and Social Structure 8
(e) Crime and Economics: Inter-relationship 9
Criminology: Definition, Meaning and Scope 11
Criminology: A Historical Perspective 12
(a) Jurisprudence of Criminology 13
(b) Radical Criminology 14
(c) Neo-Classical Criminology 15
Criminology: Objectives and Dynamism 15
(a) Prevalence of Crime 17
(b) Study of Crime and Criminal Justice 17
(c) Identification of the Causes of Crime-theories 18
(d) Approaches to Crime Problem 18
(e) Focus on Individual and Environment 18
Criminology: Indian Perspective: Criminal justice System of India 19
(a) Criminology: Penology 20
(b) Victimology 21
2 Schools of Criminology 23
Pre-Classical School 24
Classical School 25
Neo-Classical School 28
Positivist Approach: Radical Positivism and Liberal Positivism 29
(a) Cesare Lombroso 31
CHAPTER PAGE
(b) Enrico Ferri 32
(c) Raffaele Garofalo 32
(d) Gabriel Tarde 34
Clinical School 36
Sociological School 36
(a) Ecological Theory: Anomie Theory of Durkheim and Merton 36
Human Ecology and Crime 37
Social/Cultural Anomie Theory: Robert K. Merton 40
(b) Subculture Theory 42
(c) Routine Activity Theory 43
(d) Conflict Perspective: From Economic Perspective to Post-Modernist Theory in Criminology 43
Critical or Radical Criminology 46
(e) Learning Theory: Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 47
(f) Control Theory 49
(g) Social Learning Theory 50
(h) Labeling Theory 51
(i) Integrated Theory 53
3 Crime Causation: I (Theory and Practices) 57
Genetic/Biological Theory of Crime Causation 58
(a) Psychological Approach 61
(b) Psychopathology 62
Sociological Theory of Crime Causation 63
(a) Anomie and Strain Theory 64
(b) The Ecological/Social Disorganization Approach 65
(c) Edwin Sutherland’s Differential-Association Theory 67
(d) Labeling Theory 68
Economics and Crime Causation 69
(a) Conflict Theory 69
Marxist Approach 70
(b) Radical Criminology 70
(c) Feminism 70
(d) Control Theories: Hirschi’s Control Theory of Causation 71
(e) Integrated Theories 72
Hate Crimes: Perceived Character and Hate Violence 74
(a) Meaning, Nature and Scope 74
(b) Definition of Hate Crime 77
CHAPTER PAGE
(c) Causes of Hate Crimes 81
(d) Hate Crimes and Indian Law 81
(i) Indian Penal Code, 1860 83
(ii) Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 & SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1966 85
(iii) Communal Violence: Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill, 2011 86
(iv) Special Legislation 87
(e) Judicial Trends 89
Sexual Offences 93
Recidivism 95
4 Crime Causation: II (White Collar Crimes & Organised Crimes) 97
White Collar Crimes 97
(a) Meaning, Definition and Concept 97
(b) Sutherland’s Theory: Differential Association Theory 99
(c) Types of White Collar Crime 100
(d) White Collar Crimes and Indian Law 101
(e) Judicial Trends 102
Organised Crimes 106
(a) Meaning, Nature and Scope 106
(b) Definition 106
(c) Organised Crimes and Indian Law 108
(d) Judicial Trends 109
Cyber Crimes 110
(a) Definition, Nature and Scope of Cyber Crime 110
(b) Approaches and theories of cyber crime 112
(c) Impact of Cyber Crimes 113
(d) Cyber Crimes and Indian law 115
(e) Judicial Trends 116
5 Penology: Issues and Concerns 119
Penology: Defined 120
Nature and Scope of Penology 121
Crime Control Mechanism 124
(a) Constituents of Criminal Justice System 124
(b) Police System 124
(c) Court 125
(d) Public Prosecutor 125
(e) Jail Administration 125
CHAPTER PAGE
Prison Statistics 126
Open Prison 126
Conclusion 126
6 Police System in India 129
History of Police System 129
Police System and Constituents 132
Nature and Objectives of Indian Police System 132
Civil v. Military Argument 133
Federal Structure of Police 134
Law and Order & Investigation 134
Law Relating to Police Administration 135
Code of Conduct for the Police 136
Police Reforms 138
Commission on Police Reforms 139
Legislative Trends 140
Judicial Approaches 141
Other Directives 141
7 Prison System in India 145
History of Prison System 145
Jurisprudence of Modern Prison System 146
Types of Prisoners and Prisons 151
Problems of Prison 152
(a) Over Crowding 152
(b) Problems of Reforms in Prison Inmates 153
(c) Basic Amenities 153
(d) Ignorance in/about Rights of Prisoners 153
(e) Problems of Under-trials 153
(f) Suicide in Prison 154
Prison Reforms 154
(a) Commission on Prison Reforms 154
(b) Jurisprudence of Prison Reform 156
(c) Legislative Trends 156
(d) Judicial Trends 157
Prison Dynamism 161
(a) Probation 161
(b) Parole 163
8 Sentencing and Penal Policy 165
Sentencing and Penal Policy 165
Sentencing 166
CHAPTER PAGE
(i) History of Sentencing: Socio-Religious Context 167
(ii) Theories of Punishment 168
(a) Deterrence Theory of Punishment 168
(b) Retributive Theory of Punishment 169
Just Deserts 173
(c) Preventive Theory of Punishment 174
(d) Reformative Theory of Punishment 174
On Punishment 175
(i) Justification for Punishment 175
(ii) Forms of Punishment 176
(iii) Sentencing and ‘The Constitution’ 176
Punishment and Indian Penal Code 177
Sentencing: Penal Policy of India 179
(i) Capital Punishment: Rarest of Rare case Doctrine 183
(ii) Punishing Corporate Crimes 188
History of Punishing Corporate Crimes 188
(iii) Punishing Hate Crimes 196
(a) Definition 196
(b) Basic Premise for defining Hate Crime 196
(c) Nature of Hate Crime and its Intensity 198
(d) Impact of Hate Violence 198
(e) Theory of Enhancement Punishment 198
(iv) In Juvenile Delinquency 202
9 Victimology: Victim and Victimisation 207
Victim & Victimisation 208
(i) Victim: Definition 209
Victim of Crimes 210
(a) Impact of Victimization: Physical, Economic and Psychological 210
(b) Double/Secondary victimization 211
Victimology: Definition, Nature and Scope 212
Historical Perspective 213
Theories of Victimology 213
(a) The Precipitation Theory 214
(b) Life-style Theory 215
(c) Deviant Place Theory 215
(d) Routine Activity Theory 215
Doing Justice: Victim’ Assistance Program 216
(a) Rights of Victims: Approach at International and Municipal Jurisdictions 217
Victim’s Right: United Nations 217
CHAPTER PAGE
A. Victims of Crime 217
B. Victims of abuse of power 218
(b) Fair Trail 222
(c) Compensation 222
(d) Rehabilitation & Victim’s Assistance Program 223
Victims of Crime: Indian Law and Approaches of Criminal Courts 224
Constitution of India and Rights of Victims 225
(a) Statutory Provisions: Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and other Laws 227
Access to Justice 227
Participation in Trial 227
Compensation to Victim of Crime 228
Fine & Compensation: Distinguished 229
Right to Appeal 231
Rights of Victims During Trail 232
Rights to Appoint Lawyer for Assisting Prosecution 234
Legal Assistance to the Victim 235
Role of victim at Time of Granting Bail 236
Rights of Victim to Appeal 236
Victims of Abuse of Power: Constitutional & other Remedies 238
Constitutional Remedy 238
Conclusion 241
Bibliography ¬243
Subject Index 249"
For customer support, please contact:
Tel: +91 12 4477 4477
Airtel : 1800-102-8177 (Toll Free)
BSNL : 1800-180-7126 (Toll Free)
help.in@lexisnexis.com