CRIMINOLOGY–CRIME CAUSATION, SENTENCING AND REHABILITATION OF VICTIMS

CRIMINOLOGY : Crime Causation, Sentencing and Rehabilitation of Victims is intended to fill the gap perceived by students in this subject. This book explores and restates the existing ideas and theories in the discipline of criminology. It scrutinizes various established theories and principles related to criminology, and attempts to link them with the Indian legal system. With critical case analysis, this work attempts to construct and de-construct the existing principles of criminology with present day trends in India. Special attention has been paid to issues like police reforms, sentencing, compensation and justice for victims, and their rehabilitation.

"Contents Contents Contents CHAPTER PAGE 1 Introduction to Criminology 1 Crime: Definition, Nature and Scope 1 (a) Why Crime? 3 (b) Rules of ‘Social Norms’ and Reasons for Deviance 5 Crime and Deviance: Some Explorations 5 (a) Crime and Theories of Social Deviance 5 (b) Determinism of Behaviour 6 (c) Crime and Religion 7 (d) Crime and Social Structure 8 (e) Crime and Economics: Inter-relationship 9 Criminology: Definition, Meaning and Scope 11 Criminology: A Historical Perspective 12 (a) Jurisprudence of Criminology 13 (b) Radical Criminology 14 (c) Neo-Classical Criminology 15 Criminology: Objectives and Dynamism 15 (a) Prevalence of Crime 17 (b) Study of Crime and Criminal Justice 17 (c) Identification of the Causes of Crime-theories 18 (d) Approaches to Crime Problem 18 (e) Focus on Individual and Environment 18 Criminology: Indian Perspective: Criminal justice System of India 19 (a) Criminology: Penology 20 (b) Victimology 21 2 Schools of Criminology 23 Pre-Classical School 24 Classical School 25 Neo-Classical School 28 Positivist Approach: Radical Positivism and Liberal Positivism 29 (a) Cesare Lombroso 31 CHAPTER PAGE (b) Enrico Ferri 32 (c) Raffaele Garofalo 32 (d) Gabriel Tarde 34 Clinical School 36 Sociological School 36 (a) Ecological Theory: Anomie Theory of Durkheim and Merton 36 Human Ecology and Crime 37 Social/Cultural Anomie Theory: Robert K. Merton 40 (b) Subculture Theory 42 (c) Routine Activity Theory 43 (d) Conflict Perspective: From Economic Perspective to Post-Modernist Theory in Criminology 43 Critical or Radical Criminology 46 (e) Learning Theory: Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 47 (f) Control Theory 49 (g) Social Learning Theory 50 (h) Labeling Theory 51 (i) Integrated Theory 53 3 Crime Causation: I (Theory and Practices) 57 Genetic/Biological Theory of Crime Causation 58 (a) Psychological Approach 61 (b) Psychopathology 62 Sociological Theory of Crime Causation 63 (a) Anomie and Strain Theory 64 (b) The Ecological/Social Disorganization Approach 65 (c) Edwin Sutherland’s Differential-Association Theory 67 (d) Labeling Theory 68 Economics and Crime Causation 69 (a) Conflict Theory 69 Marxist Approach 70 (b) Radical Criminology 70 (c) Feminism 70 (d) Control Theories: Hirschi’s Control Theory of Causation 71 (e) Integrated Theories 72 Hate Crimes: Perceived Character and Hate Violence 74 (a) Meaning, Nature and Scope 74 (b) Definition of Hate Crime 77 CHAPTER PAGE (c) Causes of Hate Crimes 81 (d) Hate Crimes and Indian Law 81 (i) Indian Penal Code, 1860 83 (ii) Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 & SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1966 85 (iii) Communal Violence: Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill, 2011 86 (iv) Special Legislation 87 (e) Judicial Trends 89 Sexual Offences 93 Recidivism 95 4 Crime Causation: II (White Collar Crimes & Organised Crimes) 97 White Collar Crimes 97 (a) Meaning, Definition and Concept 97 (b) Sutherland’s Theory: Differential Association Theory 99 (c) Types of White Collar Crime 100 (d) White Collar Crimes and Indian Law 101 (e) Judicial Trends 102 Organised Crimes 106 (a) Meaning, Nature and Scope 106 (b) Definition 106 (c) Organised Crimes and Indian Law 108 (d) Judicial Trends 109 Cyber Crimes 110 (a) Definition, Nature and Scope of Cyber Crime 110 (b) Approaches and theories of cyber crime 112 (c) Impact of Cyber Crimes 113 (d) Cyber Crimes and Indian law 115 (e) Judicial Trends 116 5 Penology: Issues and Concerns 119 Penology: Defined 120 Nature and Scope of Penology 121 Crime Control Mechanism 124 (a) Constituents of Criminal Justice System 124 (b) Police System 124 (c) Court 125 (d) Public Prosecutor 125 (e) Jail Administration 125 CHAPTER PAGE Prison Statistics 126 Open Prison 126 Conclusion 126 6 Police System in India 129 History of Police System 129 Police System and Constituents 132 Nature and Objectives of Indian Police System 132 Civil v. Military Argument 133 Federal Structure of Police 134 Law and Order & Investigation 134 Law Relating to Police Administration 135 Code of Conduct for the Police 136 Police Reforms 138 Commission on Police Reforms 139 Legislative Trends 140 Judicial Approaches 141 Other Directives 141 7 Prison System in India 145 History of Prison System 145 Jurisprudence of Modern Prison System 146 Types of Prisoners and Prisons 151 Problems of Prison 152 (a) Over Crowding 152 (b) Problems of Reforms in Prison Inmates 153 (c) Basic Amenities 153 (d) Ignorance in/about Rights of Prisoners 153 (e) Problems of Under-trials 153 (f) Suicide in Prison 154 Prison Reforms 154 (a) Commission on Prison Reforms 154 (b) Jurisprudence of Prison Reform 156 (c) Legislative Trends 156 (d) Judicial Trends 157 Prison Dynamism 161 (a) Probation 161 (b) Parole 163 8 Sentencing and Penal Policy 165 Sentencing and Penal Policy 165 Sentencing 166 CHAPTER PAGE (i) History of Sentencing: Socio-Religious Context 167 (ii) Theories of Punishment 168 (a) Deterrence Theory of Punishment 168 (b) Retributive Theory of Punishment 169 Just Deserts 173 (c) Preventive Theory of Punishment 174 (d) Reformative Theory of Punishment 174 On Punishment 175 (i) Justification for Punishment 175 (ii) Forms of Punishment 176 (iii) Sentencing and ‘The Constitution’ 176 Punishment and Indian Penal Code 177 Sentencing: Penal Policy of India 179 (i) Capital Punishment: Rarest of Rare case Doctrine 183 (ii) Punishing Corporate Crimes 188 History of Punishing Corporate Crimes 188 (iii) Punishing Hate Crimes 196 (a) Definition 196 (b) Basic Premise for defining Hate Crime 196 (c) Nature of Hate Crime and its Intensity 198 (d) Impact of Hate Violence 198 (e) Theory of Enhancement Punishment 198 (iv) In Juvenile Delinquency 202 9 Victimology: Victim and Victimisation 207 Victim & Victimisation 208 (i) Victim: Definition 209 Victim of Crimes 210 (a) Impact of Victimization: Physical, Economic and Psychological 210 (b) Double/Secondary victimization 211 Victimology: Definition, Nature and Scope 212 Historical Perspective 213 Theories of Victimology 213 (a) The Precipitation Theory 214 (b) Life-style Theory 215 (c) Deviant Place Theory 215 (d) Routine Activity Theory 215 Doing Justice: Victim’ Assistance Program 216 (a) Rights of Victims: Approach at International and Municipal Jurisdictions 217 Victim’s Right: United Nations 217 CHAPTER PAGE A. Victims of Crime 217 B. Victims of abuse of power 218 (b) Fair Trail 222 (c) Compensation 222 (d) Rehabilitation & Victim’s Assistance Program 223 Victims of Crime: Indian Law and Approaches of Criminal Courts 224 Constitution of India and Rights of Victims 225 (a) Statutory Provisions: Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and other Laws 227 Access to Justice 227 Participation in Trial 227 Compensation to Victim of Crime 228 Fine & Compensation: Distinguished 229 Right to Appeal 231 Rights of Victims During Trail 232 Rights to Appoint Lawyer for Assisting Prosecution 234 Legal Assistance to the Victim 235 Role of victim at Time of Granting Bail 236 Rights of Victim to Appeal 236 Victims of Abuse of Power: Constitutional & other Remedies 238 Constitutional Remedy 238 Conclusion 241 Bibliography ¬243 Subject Index 249"