The various acts, rules, regulations, notifications, circulars, judgments have been categorised in a systematic way and indexed by the author in order to make it an easy reference Book. The topics have been systematically arranged with reference to case laws and speeches of former Chief Justices of India and Mr. K.G. Balakrishnan, Chief Justice of India, which are very useful.The entire Book makes an interesting reading. It will be extremely useful not only to the legal fraternity,Members of Judiciary at all levels, Prosecutors, Police, but to the entire community. Experts would indeed enjoy reading this Book, the lay readers even more. A classic, summarizing all reported case laws laid down by the Apex Court. The present Book is a timely Medicine for all those who suffer because of the illness – Delay – Delay in disposal.
Hari Om Maratha
LAW OF
SPEEDY TRIAL
(Justice Delayed is Justice Denied)
FIRST EDITION 2008
CONTENTS
Chapter—I
Justice Delayed is Justice Denied
Arrangement of Subject
PAGE
1. Only by acknowledging A Problem can we Fix it 3
2. Brief History 4
3. Principle of Criminal Liability 6
4. Lodging of a Complaint 7
5. Investigation by whom? 19
6. Prosecutors 21
7. Witnesses 22
8. Arrest of an accused person 23
9. Multiple system of presiding officers/Judges 24
Chapter—2
Articles on Subject
1. JUSTICE K.G. BALAKRISHNAN : Efficient Functioning of India’s Justice Delivery System 31
2. HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE K.G. BALAKRISHNAN : Administration of Criminal Justice System 42
3. JUSTICE R.C. LAHOTI : Speech on Law Day 46
Introductory 46
An overview of Supreme Court’s performance 46
The task before us 49
Role of media 52
Vision 2020 53
What we have achieved 54
Bar 54
Construction of Lawyers’ chambers 56
Museum 56
IT in judiciary and administrative reforms 56
Law Commission 58
My priority list 59
National Judicial Academy 59
Computerisation during 2004 60
Impact 62
ADR systems 63
Corruption in judiciary 63
2005: the year of excellence 64
Excellence in appointment 64
Excellence in a judge 65
Excellence in performance 65
Excellence in Bench and Bar relationship 65
Excellence in relationship with other wings of governance 66
A vision of the judiciary in India-the years ahead 66
“Young Lawyers’ Year” 67
Epilogue 67
4. JUSTICE A.S. ANAND : M.C. Bhandari Memorial Lecture Public Interest Litigation as Aid to Protection of Human Rights 69
Need for caution and restraint 78
Chapter—3
Protection of Life and Personal Liberty
(Commentary on Article 21— Constitution of India)
Art. 21. Protection of life and personal liberty 82
1. Extensive interpretation 83
2. Life-meaning of 84
3. Right to life-includes livelihood 85
4. Right to life-includes reputation 86
5. Euthanasia-right to die 87
6. Expansion of scope of right to life 87
7. Article 21 and other constitutional provisions 90
8. National Human Rights Commission 91
9. Article 21 and international covenants 91
10. Judgments and Tribunal orders-no violation of Articles 14 and 21 91
11. Personal liberty-meaning and scope 92
12. Law-meaning of 94
13. Detention beyond prescribed period 95
14. Directions to undergo medical examination 95
15. Procedure established by law and due process 95
16. Video conference-permissibility 97
17. Right to a speedy trial 97
18. Right to a fair trial 99
18a. Right to claim investigation 100
19. “Right to speedy trial”: Delay in disposal of appeal 100
20. No time limit 101
21. Delay in execution of death sentence 101
22. Mandatory death sentence 102
23. Prisoners-other rights 102
24. Co-accused-equal treatment 105
25. Bail rendered ineffective by production warrants-no violation 105
26. Successive bail applications-not permissible 106
27. Right to education 106
27a. Right to primary education 107
28. Right to privacy 107
29. Right to privacy-permissible restrictions 108
30. Right to privacy and search and seizure 109
31. Right to decent burial 110
32. Damages/compensation-right to award 111
33. Article 21 and right to rehabilitation 114
34. Environment-third generation rights 114
35. Hygienic environment 115
36. Right to life and sustainable development 116
37. Environment and public health 117
38. Doctrine of Public Trust 119
39. Right to health 122
39a. Right to freedom from malnutrition 123
40. Right to family pension 124
41. Right to legal aid 124
42. Courts-jurisdiction cannot be taken away 124
43. Companies Act, 1956 and Article 21 125
Chapter—4
Alphabetical List of Central Acts
Alphabetical List of Central Acts 127
Chapter—5
Changes made by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005
1. Amendment made in Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 182
Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005-Statement of Objects and Reasons 182
S. 20(4). Delegation of power by State Government to the District Magistrates 182
Explanation to S. 24(6). Clarification of expressions “regular cadre of Prosecuting Officers” and “Prosecuting Officer” 182
S. 25A. Establishment of Directorate of Prosecution 182
S. 29. Enhancement of sentencing power of Magistrate of First Class and Magistrate of Second Class 182
S. 46(4). Prohibition of arrest of woman after sunset and before sunrise 182
S. 50A. Provision requiring Police to give in information about arrest of person and place 183
Explanation to S. 53. Meaning of expressions “examination” and “registered medical practitioner” 183
S. 53-A. Medical examination of person accused of offence of rape or attempt to commit rape by registered medical practitioner 183
S. 54(2). Furnishing of report of medical examination of registered medical practitioners to arrested person 183
S. 54-A. Identification of arrested person 183
Ss. 82(4) and (5). Declaring person proclaimed offender 183
S. 102(3). Discretion to Police to release seized property 184
S. 110(f) (h)(i). Checking flow of undesirable foreigners into country 184
S. 122(1). Removal of discrepancy between section 107(1) and section 122(1)(b) 184
S. 144-A. Prohibition of mass drill (or training) with arms in public place 184
S. 164A. Medical examination of victim of rape 184
S. 176. Judicial inquiry in case of death or dis-appearance of person or rape of women in custody of police 184
S. 202(1). Summoning accused residing beyond juris-diction of court 184
S. 206(1). Raising limit of fine 185
Proviso to S. 223. Prompt disposal of cases of Joint trial by court of session 185
S. 228(1). Discretion to Sessions Judges to transfer cases 185
S. 260(1). Summary trial of offences of theft and other cognate offences 185
S. 291-A. Admissibility of memorandum of identification prepared by Magistrate in evidence 185
S. 292. Specified officers of Press 185
S. 311-A. Power of Magistrate to direct any person to give specimen signatures and handwriting 185
Amendment of Table appended to S. 320(2). Making offence under section 324 IPC a non-compoundable 186
S. 356(1). Scope of offences in Chapter XVI IPC 186
S. 358. Enhancement of limit of fine 186
S. 377. Filing of appeal in court of session on ground of inadequacy of sentence 186
S. 378. Appeal against order of acquittal by Magistrate in respect of cognizable and non-bailable offence to court of session 186
Provisos to S. 389. Notice to prosecution before releasing convicted person on bail and permitting prosecution to move application for cancellation of bail 186
Proviso to S. 428. Setting off period of detention during investigation inquiry or trial 187
S. 436(1). Release of indigent person accused of bailable offence on his execution of a bond without sureties 187
S. 436-A. Release of under trial prisoner under detention on his personal bond with or without sureties 187
S. 437. Grant of bail to persons committing cognizable and non-bailable offences 187
S. 438. Power to grant anticipatory bail subject to certain exceptions 188
S. 441A. Person standing surety for accused person to disclose number of cases for which he already stood surety 188
S. 446. Recording of reasons before reducing penalty 188
S. 459. Empowering Magistrate to sell perishable property upto value of Rs. 500/- 188
First Schedule—Offences under section 324, 274, 332 and 353 IPC made non-bailable 188
Form No. 45 in Second Schedule—Release of person undergoing detention during investigation, etc. on personal bond with or without sureties 188
2. Amendments made in the Indian Penal Code (48 of 1860) 189
S. 153AA. Punishment for knowingly carrying arms in any procession or organising or holding or taking part in any mass drill or mass training with arms 189
S. 174A. Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 82 of Act 2 of 1974 189
S. 229-A. Failure by person released on bail or bond to appear in Court 189
Chapter—6
the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment)
Act, 2005
S. 1. Short title and commencement 193
S. 2. Amendment of section 20 193
S. 3. Amendment of section 24 194
S. 4. Insertion of new section 25-A 194
S. 5. Amendment of section 29 196
S. 6. Amendment of section 46 196
S. 7. Insertion of new section 50-A 197
S. 8. Amendment of section 53 197
S. 9. Insertion of new section 53-A 198
S. 10. Amendment of section 54 200
S. 11. Insertion of new section 54-A 200
S. 12. Amendment of section 82 200
S. 13. Amendment of section 102 201
S. 14. Amendment of section 110 202
S. 15. Amendment of section 122 203
S. 16. Insertion of new section 144-A 203
S. 17. Insertion of new section 164-A 204
S. 18. Amendment of section 176 206
S. 19. Amendment of section 202 207
S. 20. Amendment of section 206 207
S. 21. Amendment of section 223 208
S. 22. Amendment of section 228 208
S. 23. Amendment of section 260 209
S. 24. Insertion of new section 291-A 209
S. 25. Amendment of section 292 210
S. 26. Amendment of section 293 211
S. 27. Insertion of new section 311-A 211
S. 28. Amendment of section 320 212
S. 29. Amendment of section 356 213
S. 30. Amendment of section 358 213
S. 31. Amendment of section 377 213
S. 32. Amendment of section 378 214
S. 33. Amendment of section 389 216
S. 34. Amendment of section 428 216
S. 35. Amendment of section 436 217
S. 36. Insertion of new section 436-A 217
S. 37. Amendment of section 437 218
S. 38. Amendment of section 438 220
S. 39. Insertion of new section 441-A 222
S. 40. Amendment of section 446 222
S. 41. Amendment of section 459 222
S. 42. Amendment of the First Schedule 223
S. 43. Amendment of the Second Schedule. 225
S. 44. Amendment of Act 45 of 1860 226
Chapter—7
the Code of Criminal Procedure
(II of 1974)
(CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES)
The First Schedule—Classification of Offences
I—Offences under the Indian Penal Code 230
II—Classification of offences against other Laws 274
Second Schedule
Forms 275
Chapter—8
The Special Courts Act, 2005
S. 1. Short title and extent 301
S. 2. Definitions 301
S. 3. Establishment of Special Courts 301
S. 4. Cognizance of cases by Special Courts 302
S. 5. Declaration by Central Government of cases to be dealt with under this Act 302
S. 6. Effect of declaration 302
S. 7. Pending appeal or revision to be transferred to Supreme Court 302
S. 8. Jurisdiction of Special Courts as to joint trials 302
S. 9. Procedure and powers of Special Courts 302
S. 10. Power of Supreme Court to transfer cases 303
S. 11. Appeal 303
S. 12. Power to make rules 304
S. 13. Notifications under section 3 and declarations under section 5 to be laid before Parliament 304
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