Legal and Social Research Methods explains the nature, purpose and principles of legal research and the methods used in carrying out a research project. Although the book deals with a variety of aspects relevant to research,its main focus is the reader who wishes to pursue research as a step towards the acquisition of a higher qualification (Master’s or Ph.D degree), or to prepare a substantial piece of research that involves a pursuit of systematic procedures unique feature of the book is that it emphasises the need to undertake, where appropriate and feasible, a social study on part of a legal research. The author has devoted a substantial part of the book (9 chapters) to explaining the nature and objectives of social research (the study of a social problem, issue or question), the techniques of data collection and the methods used for conducting such research. This makes the text equally useful for researchers in the field of law as well as in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, economics, psychology, education, mass communication, journalism, management science, or any branch of knowledge that requires a study of people, society or culture.
Preface ................................................................................................. vii
Bibliography ....................................................................................... xiii
Contents ............................................................................................. xvii
CHAPTER 1
Nature and Purpose of Legal Research .......................................... 1
1.1 MEANING OF LEGAL RESEARCH ......................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF LEGAL RESEARCH ....................................................... 2
1.3 LEGAL RESEARCH: A PROBLEM-SOLVING EXERCISE? ............................... 6
1.4 APPROACHES TO LEGAL RESEARCH ...................................................... 7
1.4.1 Doctrinal Research ............................................................ 7
1.4.2 Socio-Legal Research .......................................................... 7
1.5 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIO-LEGAL RESEARCH ............................................ 9
1.6 TYPES OF LEGAL STUDIES ................................................................11
1.6.1 Descriptive and Exploratory Studies ...............................11
1.6.2 Explanatory Studies .........................................................12
1.6.3 Analytical and Critical Studies ........................................12
1.6.4 Historical Studies .............................................................13
1.6.5 Comparative Studies ........................................................13
1.7 RESEARCH METHOD VIS-A-VIS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................15
CHAPTER 2
Selection of the Research Topic ................................................... 17
2.1 SOURCES TO USE IN SELECTING A TOPIC .........................................17
2.1.1 Printed Sources ................................................................17
2.1.2 Papers Presented at Academic Gatherings .......................18
2.1.3 Ongoing or Prior Research ..............................................18
2.1.4 Available Data ..................................................................19
2.1.5 Media as the Source .........................................................19
2.2 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF TOPIC ......................19
2.2.1 The Topic should be of Genuine Interest to
the Researcher ..............................................................19
2.2.2 The Topic Should Involve Some Problem or
Researchable Question .................................................20
2.2.3 The Topic Should be Feasible to Study ...........................20
2.2.4 The Research Should Have Academic or Social Value ....20
2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING TOPIC SELECTION .............................................21
2.3.1 Personal Values .................................................................21
2.3.2 Academic or Social Importance .......................................21
2.3.3 The Researcher’s Objective and Methodology ................21
2.3.4 Practical Considerations ..................................................22
2.4 NARROWING DOWN THE TOPIC .......................................................22
2.5 METHODS OF NARROWING A TOPIC INTO A
RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................23
CHAPTER 3
Research Design in a Legal Study ................................................ 25
3.1 COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................25
3.2 TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT ..................................................26
3.3 INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM OR
RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................27
3.4 HYPOTHESIS/RESEARCHABLE QUESTION ............................................27
3.4.1 Are Hypotheses Necessary in Legal Research? ................29
3.4.2 Examples of Hypotheses ...............................................30
3.4.3 Sources of Hypotheses .....................................................32
3.4.4 Importance and Advantages of Hypotheses
or Research Questions ..................................................33
3.5 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................33
3.5.1 Need for Literature Review ..............................................34
3.5.2 Characteristics of a Good Review ....................................35
3.5.3 How Much Literature Should be Reviewed ....................36
3.5.4 Components of a Literature Review ................................37
3.5.5 Sources of Literature for Review ......................................38
3.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.............................................................38
3.7 METHODOLOGY SECTION IN A RESEARCH DESIGN ............................38
3.7.1 Type of Approach/Study ..................................................39
3.7.2 Nature of Information Needed ........................................39
3.8 SCOPE OF STUDY: DELIMITATIONS ....................................................39
3.9 SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTION ...................................................40
3.10 CONTENTS/CHAPTERS ...................................................................40
3.11 TABLES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................41
CHAPTER 4
Finding Material in a Law Library .............................................. 43
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................43
4.2 BOOK COLLECTION IN A LAW LIBRARY .............................................44
4.3 JOURNALS .......................................................................................46
4.4 LAW REPORTS .................................................................................47
4.4.1 English Law Reports ........................................................48
4.4.2 Indian Law Reports .........................................................49
4.4.3 Reports Published in Various States ................................50
4.5 LEGISLATION ...................................................................................50
4.5.1 English Statutory Law .....................................................50
4.5.2 Indian Statutory Law .......................................................52
4.6 INDEXES TO PERIODICALS: GENERAL .................................................54
4.7 DIGESTS OF CASES: NATURE ...........................................................58
4.7.1 Digests Covering English Cases ......................................59
4.7.2 Digests: Indian Cases .......................................................59
4.8 CASE CITATORS ...............................................................................61
4.8.1 Nature ..............................................................................61
4.8.2 Current Law Case Citator ................................................61
4.9 LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS ....................................................................61
4.10 LAW DICTIONARIES .......................................................................63
4.11 USING LIBRARY CATALOGUE ............................................................64
4.12 ACCESS TO LIBRARY SERVICES .........................................................67
4.13 CD-ROM DATABASES .....................................................................68
4.14 ONLINE RESOURCES ......................................................................68
4.15 SOME INDIAN WEBSITES ................................................................70
4.16 ASSISTANCE FROM LIBRARY STAFF ....................................................71
CHAPTER 5
Writing Dissertations and Theses ............................................... 73
5.1 ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF A DISSERTATION OR THESIS ..........................73
5.2 SOURCE MATERIAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH .........................................74
5.3 ORGANISATION OF THE RESEARCH WORK ........................................75
5.3.1 The Outline .....................................................................75
5.3.2 Chapters ...........................................................................76
5.3.3 Headings/Sections ...........................................................77
5.3.4 Paragraphs ........................................................................78
5.3.5 Sentences ..........................................................................78
5.4 WRITING STYLE ..............................................................................79
5.4.1 Clarity ..............................................................................79
5.4.2 Gender-Neutral Language ...............................................80
5.4.3 Plain Language .................................................................81
5.5 UNDERSTANDING AND ANALYSING CASES ..........................................81
5.5.1 Meaning and Purpose of Analysis ...................................81
5.5.2 Significance of Court Opinions .......................................82
5.6 OPERATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENT:
BINDING AUTHORITY ................................................................84
5.6.1 The Binding Element in Precedents: The
Ratio Decidendi ...........................................................84
5.6.2 The Status of obiter dicta ................................................85
5.6.3 Ascertaining the ratio decidendi ......................................86
5.7 PRECEDENTS HAVING NO BINDING AUTHORITY ................................87
5.7.1 Cases Having Persuasive Authority Only ........................87
5.7.2 Statements of Law Made Per Incurium ...........................88
5.7.3 Precedents Which Have Been Overruled ........................88
5.7.4 Cases Which Can be Distinguished ................................89
5.8 IMPORTANCE OF HIERARCHY OF COURT IN
LEGAL RESEARCH ......................................................................89
5.9 UNDERSTANDING CASES ...................................................................90
5.9.1 Headnotes ........................................................................90
5.9.2 Facts .................................................................................91
5.9.3 Issues ................................................................................91
5.9.4 Decision ...........................................................................91
5.9.5 Judgment .........................................................................92
5.10 JUDICIAL REASONING .....................................................................92
5.10.1 Reasoning by Analogy ...................................................92
5.10.2 Deductive Reasoning .....................................................93
5.10.3 Significance of Reasoning in Legal Research .................93
5.11 UNDERSTANDING STATUTORY LAW ..................................................94
5.11.1 Plain Meaning Rule.......................................................95
5.11.2 Mischief Rule ................................................................96
5.11.3 Golden Rule ..................................................................96
5.11.4 Purposive Approach to Interpretation ...........................97
5.12 NECESSARY STEPS BEFORE FINALISING THE WORK ...........................98
5.12.1 Revising .........................................................................98
5.12.2 Editing ...........................................................................99
5.13 REFERENCE CITATION ....................................................................99
5.13.1 Method of Reference Citation .................................... 100
5.13.2 Purpose of Reference Citation .................................... 100
5.13.3 Format of Citation ...................................................... 101
5.14 CONCLUSION SECTION ............................................................... 102
5.15 ABSTRACT .................................................................................. 103
CHAPTER 6
Nature and Types of Social Research ..........................................105
6.1 AIMS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES .................................................... 105
6.2 AIMS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH .......................................................... 106
6.3 USE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS IN LEGAL STUDIES ................ 106
6.4 TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH ......................................................... 107
6.4.1 Exploratory Studies ....................................................... 107
6.4.2 Descriptive Studies ....................................................... 108
6.4.3 Explanatory Studies ...................................................... 109
6.4.4 Causal Studies ............................................................... 110
6.4.5 Basic Research ............................................................... 110
6.4.6 Applied Research .......................................................... 111
6.4.7 Evaluation Research ...................................................... 112
6.4.8 Pilot Studies .................................................................. 113
6.4.9 Cross-Sectional Studies ................................................. 114
6.4.10 Longitudinal Studies .................................................. 114
6.4.11 Predictive Studies ....................................................... 115
6.5 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ............................................................. 116
6.6 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ................................................................ 117
CHAPTER 7
Research Design in a Social Study ..............................................119
7.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.......................................................... 119
7.6 METHODOLOGY SECTION ............................................................. 119
7.6.1 Type of Data Needed .................................................... 120
7.6.2 Method(s) of Data Collection ...................................... 120
7.6.3 Socio-Cultural Context of the Study ............................ 120
7.6.4 Place or Geographical Area to be Covered
by the Study .............................................................. 120
7.6.5 Type of Sampling to be Used ........................................ 121
7.7 DATA CODING AND ANALYSIS ....................................................... 121
7.8 A NOTE ON FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESES ................................ 121
7.8.1 Independent and Dependent Variables Should
be Specified ................................................................ 121
7.8.2 Nature and Direction of the Hypothesis
Between Variables Should be Specified ..................... 122
7.8.3 Hypothesis Should be So Stated That it Can
be Verified or Refuted ............................................... 122
7.8.4 Concepts and Comparisons in Hypothesis Should be
Clearly Stated ............................................................ 122
7.9 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH ................................. 123
7.9.1 Positive or One-directional Hypotheses ....................... 123
7.9.2 Two-directional Hypotheses (Non-directional) ........... 124
7.9.3 Null Hypotheses ........................................................... 124
CHAPTER 8
Social Survey Research Methods.................................................125
8.1 NATURE OF SURVEY ..................................................................... 125
8.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN SURVEYS ............................... 126
8.2.1 Interview Method ......................................................... 127
8.2.2 Questionnaire Method ................................................. 127
8.3 USE OF SAMPLING IN SURVEYS ...................................................... 127
8.4 CATEGORIES OF QUESTIONS .......................................................... 128
8.4.1 Questions Concerning Sociographic
Characteristics ........................................................... 128
8.4.2 Questions Concerning Attitudes .................................. 128
8.4.3 Questions Concerning Behaviour ................................. 129
8.5 WHEN TO USE A SURVEY METHOD IN RESEARCH ......................... 129
8.6 RESOURCES AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET FOR SURVEY
RESEARCH DESIGNS ............................................................... 130
CHAPTER 9
Observation Method of Data Collection ....................................133
9.1 NATURE OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES ............................................ 133
9.2 USE OF OBSERVATION IN RESEARCH ............................................... 134
9.3 TYPES OF OBSERVATION ................................................................ 135
9.3.1 Participant Observation ................................................ 135
9.3.2 Non-participant Observation ....................................... 136
9.4 ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION ...................................................... 136
9.5 DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION ................................................. 138
9.6 MAJOR STEPS IN OBSERVATION RESEARCH ...................................... 139
9.6.1 Field Work Preparation ................................................. 139
9.6.2 Selecting the Research Setting ...................................... 140
9.6.3 Gaining Entry ............................................................... 140
9.6.4 Gaining Rapport and Cooperation............................... 141
9.6.5 Collecting, Recording and Organising the
Field Notes ................................................................ 141
9.6.6 Analysing the Data and Preparing a Report ................ 142
CHAPTER 10
Interview Method of Data Collection .......................................143
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 143
10.1 PERSONAL OR FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEW ..................................... 143
10.1.1 Structured Interview ................................................... 144
10.1.2 Unstructured Interview .............................................. 144
10.2 SELECTING THE SAMPLE (RESPONDENTS) ..................................... 145
10.3 CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW .................................................... 146
10.4 PROCEDURE IN CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW ............................. 148
10.4.1 Initiating the Interview .............................................. 148
10.4.2 Dealing with Refusals ................................................. 148
10.4.3 Asking Broad Questions Initially ............................... 150
10.4.4 Asking Questions as Worded ...................................... 150
10.4.5 Clarifying Issues .......................................................... 150
10.4.6 Avoiding Leading Questions ...................................... 151
10.4.7 Probing ....................................................................... 151
10.4.8 Recording Responses .................................................. 152
10.5 ADVANTAGES OF FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEW .................................. 153
10.5.1 Greater Flexibility ....................................................... 153
10.5.2 Probing Complex Answers ......................................... 154
10.5.3 High Participation ...................................................... 154
10.5.4 Length of Interview .................................................... 154
10.5.5 Possibility of Obtaining Responses to
All Questions ............................................................. 155
10.6 DISADVANTAGES OF FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEW ........................... 155
10.6.2 Time ............................................................................ 155
10.6.3 Difficulty in Locating Respondents ........................... 156
10.6.4 Respondents’ Reluctance ............................................ 156
10.6.5 Anonymity of Respondents ........................................ 156
10.6.6 Interview Bias ............................................................. 156
10.7 TELEPHONE INTERVIEW .............................................................. 157
10.8 ADVANTAGES OF TELEPHONE INTERVIEWING ................................ 157
10.8.1 Speed .......................................................................... 157
10.8.2 Cost ............................................................................. 157
10.8.3 Call-backs ................................................................... 158
10.8.4 Absence of Face-to-Face Contact ................................ 158
10.8.5 Feasibility .................................................................... 158
10.8.6 Wider Coverage .......................................................... 158
10.9 DISADVANTAGES OF TELEPHONE INTERVIEWING ............................ 159
10.9.1 Limited Duration ....................................................... 159
10.9.2 Respondents’ Cooperation ......................................... 159
10.9.3 Limited Representation .............................................. 159
10.9.4 Less Efficient Process .................................................. 160
10.10 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE .............................................................. 160
10.11 IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS .............................................................. 161
CHAPTER 11
Questionnaire Method of Data Collection.................................163
11.1 CONSTRUCTING A QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................. 163
11.1.1 Relevance of the Study to the Respondents ............... 164
11.1.2 Relevance of Questions to the Study ......................... 164
11.2 OPEN AND CLOSED RESPONSE QUESTIONS .................................. 166
11.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Open-ended
Questions................................................................... 166
11.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Closed-ended
Questions................................................................... 168
11.2.3 Choice between Open and Closed-ended
Questions................................................................... 169
11.3 QUESTION WORDING ................................................................. 170
11.3.1 Clarity and Simplicity ................................................ 170
11.3.2 Vague Words ............................................................... 170
11.3.3 Sensitive and Embarrassing Questions ....................... 171
11.3.4 Leading Questions ...................................................... 171
11.3.5 Double-barrelled Questions ....................................... 172
11.4 Order of Questions ........................................................ 172
11.5 Contingency Questions ................................................. 174
11.6 RESPONSE FORMATS ................................................................... 175
11.7 NUMBER OF RESPONSE CATEGORIES ............................................. 177
1.8 MAILED QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................... 179
11.9 ADVANTAGES OF MAILED QUESTIONNAIRES .................................. 179
11.9.1 Geographical Flexibility ............................................. 179
11.9.2 Locating Respondents ................................................ 180
11.9.3 Cost ............................................................................. 180
11.9.4 Time Saving ................................................................ 180
11.9.5 Respondent Convenience ........................................... 180
11.9.6 Greater Anonymity ..................................................... 181
11.9.7 Absence of Interview Bias ........................................... 181
11.10 DISADVANTAGES OF MAILED QUESTIONNAIRES ........................... 181
11.10.1 Limited Usefulness ................................................... 181
11.10.2 Lack of Flexibility ..................................................... 181
11.10.3 Low Response Rate .................................................. 182
11.10.4 Problem of Unanswered Questions .......................... 182
11.10.5 Possibility of Others Answering the Questions ....... 182
11.11 IMPROVING RESPONSE TO THE MAIL SURVEYS ............................ 183
11.11.1 Cover Letter .............................................................. 183
11.11.2 Survey Sponsorship .................................................. 184
11.11.3 Monetary Incentives ................................................. 184
11.11.4 Follow-Ups ............................................................... 184
11.11.5 Other Measures ........................................................ 185
CHAPTER 12
Sampling ....................................................................................187
12.1 NATURE OF SAMPLING................................................................ 187
12.2 SAMPLING IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH........................................ 188
12.3 ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING ......................................................... 189
12.4 TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN SAMPLING ........................................ 190
12.5 DRAWING A SAMPLE FROM THE SAMPLING FRAME ........................ 191
12.6 SOURCES OF SAMPLING FRAME .................................................... 191
12.7 TYPES OF SAMPLING ................................................................... 192
12.7 PROBABILITY SAMPLES ................................................................. 192
12.8 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING ......................................................... 193
12.8.2 Systematic Sampling .................................................. 194
12.8.3 Stratified Sampling ..................................................... 195
12.8.4 Cluster Sampling ........................................................ 195
12.9 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES ......................................................... 196
12.9.1 Convenience Sampling ............................................... 197
12.9.2 Purposive Sampling .................................................... 197
12.9.3 Snowball Sampling ..................................................... 198
12.9.4 Quota Sampling ......................................................... 199
12.10 SAMPLING ERROR ..................................................................... 199
12.11 SAMPLE SIZE ............................................................................ 200
CHAPTER 13
Data Preparation and Analysis ...................................................201
13.1 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................... 201
13.2 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS .................................................... 202
13.3 EDITING .................................................................................... 202
13.3.1 Editing for Correcting Mistakes ................................ 203
13.3.2 Editing for Removing Inconsistencies ....................... 203
13.3.3 Handling Blank Responses........................................ 204
13.3.4 Dealing With Don’t Know Responses ...................... 204
13.3.5 Field Editing ............................................................... 205
13.3.6 In-House Editing ....................................................... 206
13.4 CODING .................................................................................... 206
13.4.1 Pre-coding and Post-coding ........................................ 206
13.4.2 Coding Open-ended Questions ................................. 207
13.5 CODING RULES .......................................................................... 209
13.5.1 Appropriateness .......................................................... 209
13.5.2 Exhaustiveness ............................................................ 210
13.5.3 Mutual Exclusivity ..................................................... 210
13.6 CODEBOOK CONSTRUCTION ....................................................... 210
13.7 DATA ENTRY ............................................................................. 211
13.8 DATA ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 212
CHAPTER 14
Writing Social Research Report ..................................................215
14.1 TITLE 216
14.2 ABSTRACT .................................................................................. 216
14.3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................ 216
14.4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 216
14.5 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 217
14.6 METHODS ................................................................................. 217
14.7 FINDINGS .................................................................................. 218
14.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................... 218
14.9 REFERENCES .............................................................................. 219
14.10 APPENDIX ................................................................................ 219
CHAPTER 15
Mode of Citation and Bibliography ............................................221
15.1 AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM .............................................................. 221
15.1.1 Single Author .............................................................. 222
15.1.2 Two or Three Authors ................................................. 222
15.1.3 More than Three Authors ........................................... 223
15.1.4 Organisations as Authors ............................................ 223
15.1.5 Anonymous Works ..................................................... 223
15.1.6 Several Works by the Same Author ............................ 223
15.1.7 Sources with no Date of Publication .......................... 223
15.2 FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTE SYSTEM .................................................... 224
15.3 USES OF NOTES ......................................................................... 224
15.4 POSITION OF NOTES ................................................................. 224
15.5 CITING FOR THE FIRST TIME ...................................................... 225
15.5.1 Citing a Book .............................................................. 225
15.5.2 Book by a Single Author ........................................... 225
15.5.3 Book by Two or Three Authors ................................. 226
15.5.4 Book by More than Three Authors ........................... 226
15.5.5 Edited Book ............................................................... 226
15.5.6 Book with No Author ............................................... 226
15.5.7 Book with a Corporation, Institution or
Government as the Author ........................................ 227
15.5.8 Translated Book ......................................................... 227
15.5.9 Citing an Article From a Book .................................. 227
15.5.10 Citing an Article from a Journal ............................... 228
15.5.11 Citing an Article from a Magazine ........................... 228
15.5.12 Citing an Article from a Newspaper ........................ 228
15.5.13 Citing an Anonymous Article from a Periodical ...... 229
15.5.14 Citing a Published Item from an
Electronic Database ................................................... 229
15.5.15 Citing an Encyclopedia Article ................................ 229
15.5.16 Citing Website Material ........................................... 229
15.5.17 Citing an Interview .................................................. 229
15.5.18 Citing an Unpublished Work ................................... 230
15.5.19 Citing a Paper Presented at a Seminar or
Conference etc ........................................................... 230
15.5.20 Citing a Case ............................................................ 230
15.5.21 Citing Legislation ..................................................... 231
15.6 SUBSEQUENT CITINGS ................................................................. 231
15.7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CITATION ................................. 232
15.8 MODE OF PREPARING A BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................ 233
15.9 CLASSIFICATION OF ENTRIES ....................................................... 234
15.10 BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRIES COMPARED WITH FOOTNOTES .............. 234
15.11 EXAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES ................................... 235
15.11.1 One Author .............................................................. 235
15.11.2 Multiple Authors ...................................................... 235
15.11.3 Institution, Association, or the Like, as ‘Author’ ..... 236
15.11.4 Editor or Compiler as Author .................................. 236
15.11.5 Specific Edition of a Book ........................................ 236
15.11.6 Translated Works ...................................................... 236
15.11.7 Second Work by the Same Author ........................... 236
15.11.8 Article or Chapter in an Edited Book ...................... 237
15.11.9 Article in Periodical .................................................. 237
15.11.10 Article in Newspaper .............................................. 237
15.11.11 No Author Identified in An Article ....................... 237
15.11.12 Unpublished Material ............................................ 237
15.11.13 Papers Presented at Seminars, Conferences etc ...... 237
15.11.14 Encyclopedia Articles ............................................. 237
15.11.15 Dictionaries ............................................................ 238
15.11.16 Sacred Books ........................................................... 238
15.11.17 Website Material .................................................... 238
Appendices
APPENDIX A
Foreign Words And Phrases ........................................................241
APPENDIX B
Roman Numerals .......................................................................257
APPENDIX C
List of Indian and Foreign Journals ...........................................259
APPENDIX D
List of Indian and Foreign Law Reports .....................................271
Index .............................................................................................. 275
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