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Empowering the Workforce: Labour Law in India

Labour Law is the branch of law that deals with a certain relationship between a worker, the unions, and the government. The labour laws in India play a crucial role in safeguarding the rights of labour, their demands, their union, and their wages, and it also builds a connection between the government and the workers. The code protects the labourers while making them aware of what they should follow and how they should exercise their rights.

The aim of labour legislation is to maintain a cordial and peaceful relationship between labour organizations and the public in general. This would help all the departments to maintain harmony and would improve the working environment. The code mostly deals with concerns like labour relations, safety and security, proper working environment, trade unions, strikes, and so on.

Workers and their safety should always remain a top priority. We often neglect them and their requirements, whereas it is because of them that most of the beautiful and visionary imaginations come into reality. Thus, the labour laws in India should be cooperative towards their demands and their rights.

To understand labor laws and assess whether they empower workers and strengthen their rights, we have to dive deeper into the code and understand it in a better manner. Additionally, we have recommended related books on labour and service laws in this blog to help you enhance your understanding further.

CONCEPT AND EMERGENCE OF LABOUR LAWS IN INDIA

The origin of Labour Law in India has a rich and interesting history. Long back, when the famous Industrial Revolution took place, it changed the face of development entirely. People shifted from rural culture to industrial culture in no time. However, the changes that were witnessed due to the Industrial Revolution brought some gaps with it that had to be dealt with. To fill these gaps, people at that time took the help of some crucial steps that were none other than the labour laws. Labour law was the direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution that took place.

The rich and classy industrial society took advantage of poor and helpless workers at that point in time to fill their pockets. The law at that point in time was made in such a manner that it always benefitted the rich and the poor had to suffer. There was a master and servant approach between an employer and a worker. This resulted in unfairness and harassment.

That’s why the scope of labour laws changed with time. Earlier labour laws were used to protect the interest of the employer. However, things changed when contemporary labour laws came into action. These laws safeguarded employees from all exploitations. Thus, the old laws that had a hire and fire theory, that misused employees were no longer valid.

Related Books

Introduction to Labour and Industrial Laws I” by Avtar Singh & Prof (Dr) Harpreet Kaur

Commentary on the Employee’s Compensation Act with Schedules and Rules” by Aiyar and Aiyar

EVOLUTION OF LABOUR LAW IN INDIA

The history of labour law in India is 125 years old that began with the Apprentice Act of 1850, the act allowed orphans to find work for themselves when they reach the age of 18. Our Indian Constitution is the foundation of all other Indian laws, and according to our Constitution labour law falls under the concurrent list which means that both Central Government and State Government can pass labour laws but with a condition that State legislature cannot pass laws that conflict with the Central laws.

The British Empire had realized the importance of treating their employees properly and so they used to ensure that the British employers were happy and satisfied. They used to ascertain the fact that their employers had a positive approach towards the labour and industrial laws that they had created.

Thus, the growth of labour law took place because of the constant demand as well as the desire by the workers who wanted better wages and a working environment. When the regulations of the British period were in their early stage, a law namely the Factories Act was introduced. Since the British Empire knew that Indian Textile was a significant threat to British Textile, they deliberately passed the Factories Act in 1883 to make Indian labour costlier. And that’s how India got its first eight-hour workday, got its first abolition of child labour, women were restricted from working at night, and people were paid extra wages for the overwork that they did.

This became the first Indian law that dealt with how employers and their workers should function. The name of the statute became the Trade Dispute Act of 1929. The act had few rules that restricted people from going on strikes. However, it had no effective ways to solve the issue.

The Indian Government demanded a direct conversation between labour and capital and certain changes were implemented during this period. In 1947, it was decided that there should be a tripartite conference that would benefit all the parties. And like it was thought of, the agreement did bring many positive revolutions. It was decided that the labourers would get a decent salary with proper working conditions. The aim was to ensure continuous improvement and productivity. Thus, all the parties agreed to these regulations.

PRINCIPLE OF LABOUR LAWS IN INDIA

 In a society where humanity is something that has always been prioritized, it is very essential to treat the labourers or the working people with the rights that have been established by the fundamentals of labour law. With the change in time, working conditions, and rules, the current code that has been laid down by the Indian Constitution is progressive. It provides benefits like health insurance, proper working hours, an old-age pension, maternity leave, bonus payments, gratuity payments, and so on.

There are several labour law principles that we shall go through now to understand the principle in a better way:-

(i) Principle of Social Justice

 The basic fundamental rule of this principle is that everyone should get social justice irrespective of their caste, color, or circumstances and they should be treated equally. The principle aims to put an end to the social inequalities that exist in our society. Some groups of people face enormous social disadvantages and harassment when it comes to employment. That’s the reason why the principle of social justice came into the picture, as it seeks to upgrade the social status of every worker and provide them with satisfying employment opportunities.

(ii) Principle of Social Equity 

 The main fundamental of this principle is to maintain labour-friendly social equity laws, as the circumstances change with time and things get complicated. The need to upgrade the laws so that they can align with the circumstances is something that is crucial. Thus, the government takes some drastic decisions according to the requirements to adjust to the evolving scenarios. The main goal is to maintain fair standards for every working people through social equity.

(iii) Principle of Social Security

 A person’s safety and security in the place of employment and in society are referred to be social security. The goal of this principle is to provide a satisfying lifestyle to all working people while ensuring their both basic as well as unexpected life scenarios. The workers should feel that they are always being safeguarded which would inspire them more to work.

(iv) Principle of the National Economy

 This principle states that the nation’s overall economy should be taken into consideration while implementing labour laws as the condition of the national economy has a direct impact on the labour laws.

Purpose of Labour Laws

 As the world is changing and the ways of working are getting more advanced, it is essential that labour laws are updated to align with today’s economic as well as social challenges. We should not forget the reason for which the laws are created. So, let us know the purpose of the labour laws in India:-

  • The code creates a legal arena that makes it convenient for people to crack jobs easily.
  • Employers and employees can have an open discussion related to work and the issues that they are facing. This creates a healthy environment for the employees and the work space grows.
  • The code sets certain boundaries due to which people can know what they should do and what they shouldn’t do. It also mentions the rights and responsibilities should be practiced.

Factors affecting Labour Laws in India

 Various factors have a remarkable impact on how labour laws are drafted and implemented in India. Some of the factors or characteristics are:-

 (i) Codes from Colonial Rule

Most of the early labour laws came from the British Empire which benefited the Indian labour but their primary goal was to improve the lifestyle of the British people. Codes like the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1923, the Payment of Wages Act, of 1936, the Indian Trade Unions Act, of 1926, and many other acts came from colonial rule and are being followed according to the British Model.

(ii) The fight for National Freedom and the Creation of the Indian Constitution

The labourers and the working people who were being harassed by the British Empire were supported by our freedom fighters and national leaders. It is because of their sweat and blood that our India could get the rights that it deserved. The Indian Trade Unions Act, of 1926, The Factories Act, of 1948, the Minimum Wages Act, of 1948, the Royal Commission of Labour, and many other laws were a result of the freedom struggle. Our Constitution, our Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy, are the dreams that our Nation got to live because of our National Leaders. They aimed to make our country free from all injustice and provide a better living opportunity which they succeeded.

(iii) Constitutional Provisions that Impacted Labour Laws in India for Good

Our Constitution is the supreme law and the Central Government along with the Supreme Court of India took all the necessary steps to make it suitable for all people, especially the labourers through labour-friendly laws. Some of the Constitutional Provisions that play a huge role in safeguarding the interest of the labourers are :

  • Directive Principle of state policy that helped to maintain the socio economic situation of the people.
  • Article 39 of the Constitution tells that the health and strength of the workers shouldn’t be overused, irrespective of whether they are men, women, or children.
  • Articles 42 and 43 of the Indian Constitution talks about the State providing maternity leave and proper working conditions and living wage according to Article 43.
  • Fundamental Rights like Article 14, Article 16, Article 19, Article 21, and many more such articles talk about the rights and interests of the labourers and how they should be protected.

What are the Labour Laws in India?

 Several labour laws in India safeguard the rights and interests of the labourers. Let’s understand them briefly.

(i) Laws related to Industrial Relations

Under laws related to Industrial Relations comes the Trade Union’s Act of 1926 which guarantees freedom of association and immunes union leaders with their legal rights while participating in union activities. Then comes the Industrial Employment Act of 1946 that has aim to regulate the process of recruitment, termination, holidays, and other benefits for workers fairly and more smoothly. After this comes the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947 which has a primary aim to reduce conflicts between the labourers and the management while providing them with a convenient and satisfactory assurance of economic and social justice.

Recommended Books:

Trade Unions Act, 1926

Hardcover bare act book: Trade Unions Act, 1926

Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946

Hardcover bare act book: Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946

(ii) Laws related to wages in India 

 Under the laws related to wages in India comes the Payment of Wages Act of 1936 which has the main objective to remove all the illegal activities that take place during wage payments while ensuring that they are paid on time with absolute ease. After this comes the Minimum Wages Act of 1948 which aims to protect the rights of workers by maintaining a minimum wage in certain circumstances. The act mainly aims to safeguard the interest of workers in the unorganized sector. Next is the Payment of Bonus Act of 1965 which is made to cover the gap between the real wages and the wage that is required for an ideal living.

The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 was an important act that got passed so that both men and women can be paid equally. The Act strictly prohibits any kind of discrimination against women during their time off work. It also states that men and women should receive equal pay without any manipulation.

Recommended Books:

The Payment of Wages Act, 1936

Hardcover bare act book: The Payment of Wages Act, 1936

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Hardcover bare act book: Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Payment of Bonus Act. 1965

Hardcover bare act book: Payment of Bonus Act. 1965

Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

Hardcover bare act book: Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

(iii) Laws relating to work hours, working conditions, and employment in India. 

Under this code comes the Factories Act of 1948 which aims to provide good working conditions for the labourers. The primary purpose of the Act is to maintain satisfactory working conditions in the industry, to take adequate steps for the welfare of the employees, to ensure their safety and security, to maintain fair working hours, and to provide proper working pieces of equipment. The Act also aims to safeguard employees from hazardous accidents.

After this, comes the Mines Act of 1952, the act aims to keep a check on the health, safety, and welfare of the people who work in mines. Places like oil wells, borings, shafts, industries, planes, railways, power stations, and many more places as such come under this arena. The primary objective of this act is to safeguard the employees from hazardous events.

Recommended Books:

Factories Act, 1948

Hardcover bare act book: Factories Act, 1948

 Mines Act, 1952

Hardcover bare act book:  Mines Act, 1952

(iv) Laws relating to Social Security in India

Under the laws relating to social security in India comes the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1923, this act applies to workers in sewage, railway, factory, dock, buildings, and so on. The Act makes sure to provide compensation for losses that occurs due to any accidents or diseases during employment. The compensation is based on the gravity of the injury or illness. Next is the Employees’ State Insurance Act of 1948 which provides certain benefits to employees in the organized sector if situations like maternity, sickness, and so on arise.

After this comes the Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act of 1952 along with the Employees State Insurance Act which are some of the important security legislation in India. The act aims to provide social security and financial help to industrial workers who are in actual need. Then comes the Maternity Benefit Act of 1961 which guarantees safe and sound working conditions along with maternity leave. This act was established to ensure a fair and just approach towards women and their security. The primary object of the act was to provide adequate maternity benefits and other benefits relating to maternity.

CONCLUSION

Labour Law was introduced to help the workers from their daily struggles so that they have a peaceful life and can fairly lead life. Since labourers have been facing discrimination and injustice for years, it was necessary to create a dynamic and unique code that would protect these people from miseries. Even though it took decades, labour law in India was introduced and this was a revolutionary step toward making the life of workers easier. Although we have reached a good position today, yet there’s more journey to be covered and certain brave steps would pave the path in a better manner. If we make the lifestyle of the workers smoother then the future of India’s economic, social, and industrial arena would reach the top in no time.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs)

1. What is the minimum wage in India?
India per se doesn’t have a national minimum wage so the wages maybe set by state or the particular sector hence vary accordingly based on the Minimum Wages Act, 1948.

2. What is the new labour law in India 2023?

According to the new code, allowances cannot be greater than 50%. Extra compensation is now included in wages. The following are other important changes for employers:

Salary: The wage given to a worker should be fair and shouldn’t have an impact on their standard of living. The HRA and any other benefits to which the employee is entitled should be included by the employer as well.

EPF – To increase the total amount deducted from the employee’s salary, the EPF code will be modified. Increased % EPF deductions from employee salaries have been recommended by the government. While the employee contributes 8.33% of the wage, the employer will contribute 12% of the compensation to the EPF.

New Code on Industrial Relations – The proposed new code on industrial relations would replace all currently enacted legislation governing industrial relations.

3. What is the Article 14 of the labour law?

Article 14 of the labour law is Equal treatment under the law, which is defined as “Equal pay for equal work” in labour legislation. The implication is not that article 14 is unalterable. There are a few exceptions to the labour rules in it, such as physical ability and the need that skilled and unskilled labourers shall be paid meritoriously.

4. Which labour is banned by Indian law?

Child Labour is banned by Indian law.

5. What is the first labour law in India?

Factories Act, 1883 was incorporated during the British Raj to fix certain conditions of working hours.

6. What is the notice period for labour law?

According to the legislation, if an employee needs to be terminated from a position, a notice period of between 30 to 90 days must be provided.

7. What is the new wages law in India?

There have been several modifications in the labour laws. The revised salary code that takes into account this alteration intends to directly factor 50% of the employee’s wages into their pay.

An Introduction to Jurisprudence: Complete Guide

Jurisprudence is the study that deals with the fundamental principles and various concepts of law. It guides a person to understand the deeper meaning of law. The word jurisprudence is derived from the Latin term “Jurisprudentia” which means “knowledge of the law”. Basically ‘Jure’ means law and ‘prudentia’ means knowledge. Thus, the meaning of the entire word signifies a practical knowledge of law and its various applications.

The aim of Jurisprudence is to help a layman understand the deeper meaning of the law. Jurisprudence is a crucial part of the law which is entirely based on theories and various analyses. Jurisprudence focuses on the relationship of law with society, social science, and so on.

WHAT IS JURISPRUDENCE?

Jurisprudence means the study of law that takes place in a logical and philosophical manner. Jurisprudence analyses the nature of law, legal systems, legal rules, legal concepts, and legal institutions and creates a way to understand the social, political as well and cultural arenas where law operates. It is a vast field that consists of a range of perspectives which includes natural law, legal realism, critical legal studies, and so on. The study of jurisprudence helps scholars and practitioners to develop a deeper understanding of law and its importance in shaping society.

HISTORY OF JURISPRUDENCE

Jurisprudence began in the Roman Times with the Romans scrutinizing the importance of the law and the nature of the law. Although it had a restrictive approach as the ideas of law and ethics were blurred. After the fall of the Roman Empire, their set of ideas regarding jurisprudence vanished and the Christian State emerged. With the rise of Christian Rule, the concept of secularism arose. Several hypotheses and concepts were proposed by renowned personalities.

Gradually, the possibility of positive law and positive methodologies took over whereby the limits of the law were divided. With the evolution of ideologies, several jurists presented their own interpretations of jurisprudence.

In natural law, Jurisprudence was co-related with rights based on morals and divine law. In the analytical school, the law was considered as Command of Sovereignty. Every jurist had their own take on jurisprudence which we are about to discuss in the next topic.

DEFINITION BY DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHERS

There were many different meanings that were assigned to the term Jurisprudence by several philosophers. However, no single definition was universally possible to accept as Jurisprudence deals with concepts that regulate human behavior in accordance with the conduct, values, needs, and goals of every societal dimension which keeps on changing from time to time.

Nonetheless, in order to understand the concept of jurisprudence in a better way, it becomes essential to examine some of the definitions by famous philosophers.

1. John Austin’s Remark on Jurisprudence

John Austin was the founder of the Analytical School of Jurisprudence and was also considered as the Father of English Jurisprudence. He was the first jurist to term jurisprudence as a “Science of Law” which deals with the analysis of various concepts or their underlying principles. Austin considered the subject of jurisprudence as positive law. His ideology revolved around the notion that jurisprudence is not a moral philosophy but rather a systematically aligned study of actual law as distinguished from moral or natural law.

2.  Holland’s Remark on Jurisprudence

Holland defined jurisprudence as “the formal science of positive law”. According to Holland, formal science is the arena that deals with several relations that are regulated by legal rules rather than with the rules themselves that guide these relations. Thus, for Holland jurisprudence was a formal science and not a material science. Just like Austin, Holland also considered jurisprudence as a positive law.

3. Salmond’s Remark on Jurisprudence

According to Salmond’s point of view, Jurisprudence can be divided into two senses, the generic sense which is defined as the “Science of Civil Law” and the specific sense which can be defined as the “Science of the First Principle of Civil Law”. For Salmond, jurisprudence in the specific sense includes theoretical jurisprudence so it doesn’t deal with concrete details but rather deals with fundamental principles and conceptions.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF JURISPRUDENCE

One of the most crucial importance of the study of Jurisprudence is its fundamental value. Jurisprudence mainly consists of research and the method to construct and clarify the basic concepts of law. Jurisprudence has nothing to do with the creation of new laws, rather its main focus stays on the existing laws that are present in the system. The theories and analysis can help the lawyers in making their fundamentals strong.

Jurisprudence can also be a guiding light for the students. It has a major scholastic value in the life of students. The impact of jurisprudence is not just limited to primary legal rules, rather it also talks about the social impact of the same laws.

Jurisprudence is an amalgamation of logical and theoretical analysis of legal concepts. Thus, it escalates the analytical methods and techniques of a student which helps him/her to grow strong with the legal fundamentals.

Jurisprudence also focuses on social values. It talks about equity and fairness. Jurisprudence deals with the basic fundamentals of the law and it is considered as the eye of law. It creates a bridge for people to understand the thoughts and divisions of law.

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN JURISPRUDENCE 

The schools of thought in jurisprudence are the several theoretical approaches that aim to understand the nature, purpose, and functionality of society. These approaches vary in their fundamental assumptions about the law, the role of the state, and the relationship between law, morality, and society.

There are 5 schools of thought in jurisprudence. Let’s have a quick glance at all of them to understand the theories better.

  • Philosophical School

The Philosophical School aims at the theory of natural law. This school tries to find out the reason why a law is enacted and what are the consequences of such a law in our daily lives. They have faith that the purpose of the law is to enhance the nobility of humanity.

  • Historical School

The Historical School runs in a belief that law is a consequence of years of evolution of our society. The historical school believes that the sources of law are related to religious philosophies, customs, and, societal norms. Historical school is too past-oriented, nonetheless, it still states that the law must change with the people.

  • Analytical School

Analytical School is mostly about the theory of imperative law. It is related to the origin of Civil Law. Analytical School revolves around the concept of rights and duties. It also emphasizes legal models such as acts and contracts. Analytical School of the law runs by the ideology that the law should be codified and it must be governed by the state with the aim of benefitting people.

  • Sociological School 

Sociological School concentrates majorly on the function of law rather than its impalpable content. The sociological school had an aim to connect law with society and law can be adjusted according to the requirement of the society. Sociological schools are all about doctrines, legal institutions, law and justice, and other theoretical aspects of law.

  • Realist School

Technically, the Realist School is not a school of jurisprudence. The school is more based on tutoring of thoughts. The school focuses much more on the actions of the Court and what they create. Realist schools hardly make any logical assumptions from the general law.

BEST BOOKS TO KNOW MORE ABOUT JURISPRUDENCE

1.  Jurisprudence Explained by Hijam N.K. Singh

Hardcover book: "Jurisprudence Explained" by Hijam N.K. Singh

Jurisprudence Explained is particularly and specifically designed for students pursuing the three-year or five-year degree law course. It is one of the best books for reference as it covers nature of law, legal concepts like Duty, Rights, Wrongs, possession, and so on. It has got all relevant cases along with their reasonings too. This book is a perfect reference for students, lawyers, as well as judges.

2. Introduction to Jurisprudence by Avtar Singh & Prof. (Dr) Harpreet Kaur

Hardcover book: "Introduction to Jurisprudence" by Avtar Singh & Prof. (Dr) Harpreet Kaur

Introduction to Jurisprudence is a study of the principles of law. It has a phenomenal presentation of schools and theories of law along with their critical examination. The book covers basic understanding of concepts and keeps a check on the latest trends of Jurisprudence.

3. Lectures in Jurisprudence by N.K. Jayakumar

Hardcover book: "Lectures in Jurisprudence" by N.K. Jayakumar

Lectures in Jurisprudence by N.K. Jayakumar is definitely a go-to book for all the law aspirants and law students. The book has interesting references along with different dimension of law explained properly. The book is thoroughly revised and updated and every topic as well as principles have been covered in a great way.

 CONCLUSION

Thus, this blog showed us how jurisprudence plays a pivotal role in the development of legal systems as it provides a critical framework for understanding the law and its underlying principles. Jurisprudence paves the path through which we gain knowledge about the basic principles of law and the sources from which they are derived.

Moreover, jurisprudence is not just about theories, it also has a practical implication. It guides lawyers, judges, and policymakers in framing important legal decisions that are just and fair.

Overall, Jurisprudence is a marvellous and multifaceted field of study that has absolute importance in the vast dimension of law.

FAQS

1. What are the 4 types of jurisprudence?

 Ans:-  (a) Academic

(b) Comparative

(c) Ethical

(d) Philosophical

2. Who is known as the father of jurisprudence?

Ans:- Bentham is considered as the father of jurisprudence.

3. What does jurisprudence mean in common law?

 Ans:- Jurisprudence in common law is a body of unwritten laws based on judicial precedents. The concept is based mostly on institutionalized judgments and interpretations from the courts. Common law also illustrates the encouragement for the implementation of new legislation.

4. What is jurisprudence law in India?

Ans:- Jurisprudence is the study based on the science of law. The study is nit based on any particular statute or any rule but of law in general, its principles, and several concepts. The primary aim of the interpretation is to discover the real intention of the Legislature.

A COMPREHENSIVE-GUIDE TO INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES

A Comprehensive Guide to Interpretation of Statutes

Interpretation is the process to determine the meaning of the statutes or other legal provision. Statutes are also known as legislative enactment or backbone of any legal system. These statutes are the primary source of most of the law jurisdictions. And statutes are play the vital role in regulation of all aspect of the society.

The judiciary holds an essential responsibility of interpreting the existing statutes and laws. When courts administer justice in disputes they strictly adhere to the boundaries established by the framework, which includes various laws, statutes, the Constitution and delegated legislations. In nations, like India, the legal framework comprises a multitude of legislations and regulations.

This interpretation of statues is challenging and complex but this is the most important part to ensuring that, law is applied fairly and uniformly.

What is Interpretation of statutes?

Interpretation of statutes is the backbone of our legal system. This is the process of determining the meaning of any law. This interpretation of statues is challenging and complex but this is the most important part to ensuring that, law is applied fairly and uniformly.

Statutes are the primary source of most jurisdiction in law. It is a law enacted by a legislative body. Statutes play the most vital role in regulating all aspect of our legal system. But at the same time it can be quite complex, that time interpretation of statues comes in.

What is Construction of Statutes?

Statutory construction also referred as Interpretation of statutes. It is a fundamental legal processor. The use of Constructed of Statutes is to determining the meaning and application of statutes. It is also challenging and complex in task but it ensures that the law is applied uniformly and fairly.

To understand a statute, courts use variety of tools and techniques. There are a set of principle and rules use to interpret the statutes. Court generally give the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutes, unless the statute is confusing or that meaning would lead to a wrong result. Sometimes courts may consider the legislative history of a statute like committee reports and debates to help to understand the statute’s meaning.

Related books

Interpretation of Statutes” by N S Bindra

Hardcover book: “Interpretation of Statutes” by N S Bindra

Principles of Statutory Interpretation” by Justice G P Singh

Hardcover book: “Principles of Statutory Interpretation” by Justice G P Singh

Difference Between Interpretation and Construction

INTERPRETATION

Interpretation and construction form the principles in analysing statutes allowing courts to effectively apply and uphold the rule of law. Although these concepts are interconnected they serve purposes in comprehending and implementing statutes. Interpretation involves understanding and discerning the meaning of language as an art form. Lawmakers use words and phrases when drafting statutes to convey their intentions and establish rules. However due to language complexities and multifaceted nature of matters statutes may not always express their intended meaning with clarity. Consequently, courts play a role in interpreting language to uncover legislative intent.

The objective of interpretation is to address questions about what the law states and what it was intended to achieve. It delves into context, purpose and objectives of the law to determine the intent, behind its wording. Judges meticulously analyse the wording, sentence structure and organization of the statute to understand its intended meaning.
When it comes to the law construction focuses on how it’s applied to specific cases or situations. Once the court has understood the meaning of a statute the next step is to put that meaning into action, in real life scenarios. This is where construction comes into play.

CONSTRUCTION

Construction deals with implementing and enforcing the law. It involves adapting the language of statutes to address circumstances and determining how the law should be enforced in cases. Through construction courts decide how to put the law into practice in order to resolve disputes protect rights and ensure justice.

The main difference between interpretation and construction lies in their scope and emphasis. Interpretation primarily aims at understanding and revealing intent while construction involves applying that intent to situations. Interpretation provides guidelines, for construction by establishing boundaries within which courts can consistently and fairly apply the law. In practice interpretation and construction are closely connected. The court’s interpretation of a statute influences how it constructs its rulings in cases. Hence, we can also safely assume that the outcomes of case laws will be a crucial part in interpreting future statutes.

OBJECTIVES OF INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES

The goals and objectives which interpretation of statutes seeks to be achieved can be summarized as follows;

  • 1. Understanding the intent of the legislators: The main goal of interpretation is to comprehend what the lawmakers intended when they made and passed a law. This involves analysing the language used in the statute taking into account its context and examining the circumstances surrounding its creation.
  • 2. Achieving the purpose for which the statute was brought into force: Once we have determined the intent the next objective is to ensure that the statutes purpose is fulfilled. This means interpreting it in a way that aligns with the goals intended by lawmaker.
  • 3. Protecting rights and freedoms: Statutory interpretation should also prioritize safeguarding individual’s rights and liberties. It entails interpreting laws in a manner that does not unreasonably infringe upon people’s rights and freedoms, but rather help them
    In addition, to these objectives there may be aims to certain cases. For example, a court might interpret a statute in a way that minimizes its impact, on the economy or promotes welfare.

AIDS TO INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES

Statutory interpretation can be a complex process due to inherent ambiguities and varying legislative intent. To aid in accurately understanding statutes, legal practitioners and courts rely on various tools known as “aids to interpretation.” There are statutory as well as non-statutory aids: –

A) Statutory Aids:

  • These include additional information provided within the statute itself, such as definitions, explanations, schedules, and other provisions. In State of W.B vs Anwar Khan, the court relied upon on the statutory aids within the legislation to determine the legislative intent and constitutionality of the WB Special Courts Act of 1950.
  • Preambles: Introductory statements that precede a statute and provide context and background. In The State of Rajasthan v. Basant Nahata (2005), the Supreme Court of India relied on the preamble of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, to understand the law’s purpose and combat corruption.
  • Marginal notes: Marginal notes are notes that are sometimes placed in the margins of statutes. These notes can provide helpful summaries of the key provisions of the statute.

B) Non Statutory Aids:

To interpret and understand laws there are non-statutory sources that can be consulted:

  • 1. Legislative History: This includes records of debates committee reports, speeches made during parliament sessions and other related materials that led to the law’s enactment.
  • 2. Dictionary Definitions: Standard dictionaries can be used to determine the meanings of words within a statute. For example, in R v. Harris (1836) the court relied on definitions to interpret the term “steal” as defined in the Theft Act 1968.
  • 3. Case Law: Previous court decisions serve as precedents. Provide guidance for interpreting statutes ensuring consistency, in reasoning. In the landmark decision of Mahalaxmi Oils Mills, v. State of A.P. the SC observed how the term “tobacco” was defined in law by the lawmakers. Interpreting the law led the SC to state that tobacco encompassed all types of tobacco regardless of whether it was cured/uncured, produced or not as the stems and leaves of the tobacco plant. The Court concluded that this definition was comprehensive but did not include tobacco seeds.

IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETATION

The process of understanding the meaning of a law or legal provision is known as interpretation. It is an aspect of our system enabling courts and other bodies involved in adjudication to apply the law to specific cases and resolve legal disputes fairly.
Interpretation plays a role, in preventing the exercise of power and ensuring that duties are fulfilled. If a statute is written in ambiguous language government officials may interpret it in ways that allow them to wield their powers arbitrarily. However when courts interpret statutes they can ensure fair application of the law while preventing abuse of power by government officials.

Interpretation is also instrumental, in preventing crime and safeguarding welfare. If criminal statutes are interpreted narrowly they may not effectively deter crime. Conversely if they are interpreted broadly individual’s rights may be violated. Courts have a role to play in interpreting statutes in a manner that both prevents crime and safeguards individual rights.

Lastly interpretation contributes to expediting the delivery of justice. If the courts struggle to promptly and accurately understand the law it can result in delays, within the proceedings. Such delays can have effects on both plaintiffs and defendants eroding trust in the judicial system. To guarantee justice courts should establish consistent guidelines, for interpreting the law.

RULES OF INTERPRETATION

There are so many rules of interpretation used in law.

  • Literal Rule: This rule is the most basic rule in interpretation, which states that words, in a law should be given their ordinary and plain meaning unless it would lead to an absurd or unreasonable outcome.
  • Golden Rule: Another rule is golden rule which is departure from the literal rule, which allows courts to modify the meaning of a law in order to avoid absurd or unreasonable results. However this rule is only applied when the literal meaning of the law is clear and unambiguous.
  • Rule of Harmonious Construction: The rule suggests that laws should be interpreted in a way that aligns with laws to prevent conflicts between them.
  • Mischief Rule: It permits courts to consider the problem or issue that a law was meant to address when interpreting it. This helps ensure that the law remains true, to its purpose.
  • Purposive Approach: This rule focuses on understanding and interpreting laws based on their intended purpose.
  • Ejusdem Generis Rule: It states that when general words follow a list of words they are limited to the category or class as those specific words.
  • Noscitur a Sociis Rule: This rule states that meaning of a word or phrase can be determined by the context provided by surrounding words or phrases.
  • Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius Rule: This rule suggests that mentioning one thing implies excluding another.
  • Presumption of Consistency: The principle of consistency asserts that laws and legal documents are assumed to be, in agreement with each other. This assumption is made to prevent any contradictions between laws or different sections, within the law or document.

CONCLUSION

Interpreting statutes is an intricate responsibility, within the system. It plays a role in enabling courts and other adjudicating bodies to apply the law to individual cases and resolve legal disputes. These guidelines are designed to ensure consistent application of the law maintain its relevance and effectiveness and uphold justice. In addition to these rules and principles lawyers also utilize external aids for interpretation. These aids assist lawyers in comprehending the meaning and purpose behind a statute allowing them to determine its interpretation. Interpreting statutes is undoubtedly complex but undeniably vital, within our system.

FAQ

1. What is the interpretation of statutes?

Interpretation is the process to determine the meaning of the statutes or other legal provision. Statutes are also known as legislative enactment or backbone of any legal system. This interpretation of statues is challenging and complex but this is the most important part to ensuring that, law is applied fairly and uniformly.

2. What are the two kinds of interpretation of statutes?

Two kinds of interpretation of statutes are: Literal interpretation and Purposive interpretation

3. What is golden rule of interpretation?

Golden rule of interpretation is, which allows courts to modify the meaning of a law in order to avoid absurd or unreasonable results. However this rule is only applied when the literal meaning of the law is clear and unambiguous.

4. What is the purpose of interpretation?

i) To determine whether a particular conduct is prohibited by law
ii) To determine whether a government agency acted lawfully

5. Who interprets the statutes?

Statutes are interpreted by courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court.

6. What is the famous case of interpretation of statutes?

Mahalaxmi Oils Mills, v. State of A.P. the SC observed how the term “tobacco” was defined in law by the lawmakers. Interpreting the law led the SC to state that tobacco encompassed all types of tobacco regardless of whether it was cured/uncured, produced or not as the stems and leaves of the tobacco plant. The Court concluded that this definition was comprehensive but did not include tobacco seeds.

Best Books for Law Students

There are various books that we read and keep back at their places and then there are books that we read and find our home in it. Now, decoding what you have to read can be a tough thing. When it comes to the legal arena, lawyers have to read a lot and law is somewhat notoriously complicated, so to know where to start with and what to start with becomes essential.

It is important to keep your reading simple as well as interesting when you are starting to explore a subject. For that reason, here in this blog one will get a list of the best 10 books that every law student should read.

The list will focus mainly on the books that would guide you through and would show you what law is all about, without actually hurting your brain. After reading these books, you will get an idea about how law revolves around our daily lives.
Let’s begin then.

THE DECISIVE TOP 10 BOOKS FOR LAW STUDENTS

1. Nani Palkhivala : The Courtroom Genius by Soli J Sorabjee and Arvind P Datar

Hardcover book: "Nani Palkhivala The Courtroom Genius" by Soli J Sorabjee & Arvind P Datar

Nani Palkhivala has been the legend of the Indian Legal Arena. After a phenomenal academic career, he was quick to become India’s most renowned lawyer and remained in the top spots for five decades. He remained famous for his amazing power of concentration and for his persuasive advocacy. He had created a reputation for himself as a fantastic constitutional lawyer. All of the major landmark cases between 1965 and 1995 were argued by him.

Nani Palkhivala : The Courtroom Genius” by Soli J Sorabjee and Arvind P Datar, shines a light on Palkhivala’s journey as a lawyer, discusses the landmark cases on which he had appeared, and how these cases changed the future of the country forever. This book interestingly describes his working methods along with his style of advocacy. Of course, law students shouldn’t miss this gem of a book but apart from law students, every chartered accountant, member of the judiciary, and any well-informed citizen of the country shouldn’t miss the opportunity of reading this book.

2. Legal and Constitutional History of India by Justice M. Rama Jois

Hardcover book: “Legal and Constitutional History of India” by Justice M. Rama Jois

Justice M. Rama Jois is a Rajya Sabha Member currently and is also a Senior Advocate at the Supreme Court of India. Justice Rama has been a successful author of several phenomenal books. He was the former Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court and has also been the former Governor of Bihar as well as Jharkhand.

Legal and Constitutional History of India” by Justice M. Rama Jois was published for the first time in the year 1984 as the first volume of the Legal and Constitutional History of India. It covers the ancient Indian legal, judicial, and constitutional systems. The book was subsidized by the Government of India through the National Book Trust for the betterment of the students. Its second printing was released in 1990 which was also subsidised. The book not only covers legal history but also has Indology, Sociology, and Political Science.

3. I’ve Been Around for Some Time by Raju Ramachandran

Hardcover book: "I’ve Been Around for Some Time" by Raju Ramachandran

I’ve Been Around for Some Time” is a beautiful compilation of selected articles and interviews taken by Raju Ramachandran in leading national newspapers, magazines, and law journals. In the 40 years of his remarkable career, he has written on several constitutional and legal developments that captured the socio-legal underpinnings of contemporary society as well as suggesting reformist measures.

The book has a wide range of topics covered, from the independence of judiciary, the manner of judicial appointments, the need for judicial rectitude to the concept of constitutional tort, challenges to parliament democracy, to the latest issues of lawyer’s strikes.
The articles are thought-provoking and show the evolution as well as lack thereof in different areas of the legal arena.

4. Landmark Judgments by Universal

Hardcover book: Landmark Judgments

As the title suggests, this book consists of selective landmark judgments by the Supreme Court of India. Each judgment has been presented in a comprehensive manner. It has all the essential ingredients to help the reader to understand in a better way. As it covers all the landmark judgments from different spheres of law, it becomes absolutely convenient for the readers to take references. The book adopts a lucid and straightforward approach that helps the readers to get to the point immediately. It has innumerable resources for students who aim towards competitive examinations.

5. Indian Constitutional Law by M.P. Jain

Hardcover book: “Indian Constitutional Law” by M.P. Jain

M.P. Jain’s magnum opus on the constitution of India has changed the entire scenario of the country along with the development of the Constitutional Jurisprudence in our country. He has served and has been serving generations of judges, scholars, lawyers, students, and normal people too.

This edition of the book “Indian Constitutional Law” by M.P. Jain remains loyal to the original approach of the author. The edition also comes with various critiques on several topics like the immunity of personal laws from Article 13, exclusion of decrees from civil court, sovereign immunity, etc. The book also contains a rich stream of contemporary jurisprudence areas of disability rights, indirect discrimination, and evolving constitutional principles.

6. Letters to a Law Student by Nicholas McBride

This book has been declared as one of the top books for a law student to go through. The book is completely filled with sage advice. Anyone who has a keen interest in making a career in law should definitely read this book to get information regarding how to go for the profession.

The book is developed as a series of letters to a law student named Alex. The first chapter begins when Alex decides whether he would do law or not and the last chapter is when Alex is about to graduate. Thus, the book covers a journey of law school life. From choosing law to graduating is what the book reflects upon.

7. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Harper Lee was born in the Alabama town of Monroeville. After graduation, she wrote several student publications and gave her time for a humor magazine as an editor. She did not complete her law degree and moved to New York in the year 1950 and worked as a reservation clerk with Eastern Air Lines and BOAC.

This book became an instant bestseller and was acclaimed as a critical hit. It’s an unforgettable novel filled with compassion, drama, and life lessons. The book went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1961 after which it was also converted into an Academy Award-winning film. The book got the tag of a cult classic. Although Harper Lee considered her book as a simple love story, today it is regarded as a masterpiece of American literature.

8. The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation by Austin Granville

Hardcover book: "The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation" by Austin Granville

The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation by Austin Granville lays down a rich history of the Indian Constituent Assembly. The book covers a journey of how and why the respected members of the Assembly wrote their constitution as they did. This latest edition of Austin’s classic work has a preface that aligns with the contemporary developments in constitutional law.

9. Before Memory Fades by Fali S. Nariman

Hardcover book: "Before Memory Fades" by Fali S. Nariman

This book is a comprehensive and perceptive autobiography. It’s a candid and compelling book that revolves around the formative years of the author when he had the golden opportunities to interact with many eminent judges and advocates. He dealt with a wide range of important subjects such as the sanctity of the Indian Constitution and attempts to tamper with it, crucial cases that brought revolution in the Indian Constitution, and so on. Due to his phenomenal track record, the Government of India nominated him to the Rajya Sabha. His book can be highly resourceful for legal professionals and any reader in general.

10. Bleak House by Charles Dickens

Hardcover book: "Bleak House" by Charles Dickens

Bleak House opens in the foggy twilight of the London City where fog grips the city densely. The book revolves around the case of Jarndyce and Jarndyce where the inheritance is slowly devoured by legal costs. Dickens gave a lively portrayal to his book and showed London’s society in a way no other novelist ever had shown. Bleak House is magnificent filled with comedy and is often considered as the best of Dickens.

CONCLUSION

Thus, these were the top 10 best books that every law student should go through once in their lifetimes. These books have been authored by some of the most genuine, intellectual, creative, and highly knowledgeable personalities. These books would change the perspective and the approach of students who wish to get into the law sector.

FAQS

1. What books should law students read in India?

Ans – There are many important books that every law student should go through once. Some of them are:-
• Landmark Judgments That Changed India.
• We, the People
• The Case that Shook India: The Verdict that led to the Emergency
• Nani Palkhivala: The Courtroom Genius
• Before Memory Fades: An Autobiography
• The Rebel: A Biography of Ram Jethmalani

2. Which is the best Constitutional law book in India?

Ans– There are quite a few books that are considered to be the best Constitutional Books in India. Like, as H.M. Seervai’s Constitutional Law of India, V N Shukla’s Constitution of India, DD Basu’s Introduction to The Constitution of India, M.P. Jain’s Indian Constitutional Law, and so on.

3. Which is the best Criminal Law Book in India?

Ans– A few Criminal Law Books that are considered to be the best in India are, K D Gaur’s Textbook on Indian Penal Code, Ratanlal & Dhirajlal’s The Indian Penal Code, PSA Pillai’s Criminal Law, and so on.

4. From where can I buy books for law students?

Ans– There are two ways through which a law student can buy books. The first and easiest way to purchase law books is by ordering them through an online law bookstore like LexisNexis, where they can find every law book, they need in one place and at the best price. Alternatively, they can simply visit their nearest bookstores.

Best Books on Criminal Law in India that you Must Have

Criminal law is an essential part of the Indian legal system; there are different kinds of criminal laws in India that underline rules and regulations for ensuring proper enforcement of law and order, protecting individual rights, and ensuring justice. There are a lot of best books on criminal law that talk about different laws like the Indian Penal Code, Criminal procedures, narcotics, the information technology act, sexual harassment, and a lot more.
Before we talk about different criminal laws, let’s understand why criminal law exists and its importance in India. Well-defined criminal laws help the country in protecting society, ensuring justice is given without any bias and victims are properly redeemed, protecting of individual rights during investigation and trials that are not subject to unlawful detention or punishment, and maintaining proper law and order in the country.

Why reading criminal law books is important

Reading criminal law books and staying up-to-date with the changing laws is pivotal for any aspiring law student, lawyer, legal practitioner (in any form), and judge. It is important for several reasons like understanding courtroom procedures, understanding different types of criminal laws and punishments suitable for different offences, improving legal skills, identifying the gap between truth and lies, and providing justice without any bias.
LexisNexis® library has some of the best books on criminal law that can help aspiring lawyers and legal professionals like you to improve your legal skills. Reading criminal law books can help develop legal research and writing skills, as well as analytical and critical thinking skills that are important for your career in law. Read on to know the different kinds of Criminal laws in India.

1. Indian Penal Code (IPC)

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the primary and official criminal law code of India. It is a comprehensive code that covers laws against all major crimes like murder, rape, theft, fraud, forgery, bribery, sedition, promoting enmity between different groups, and insulting religious beliefs. This law is followed in courts all across the country and helps to punish criminal offenders for different offences listed in the IPC.

Best books on the IPC: check out some of our best books on the IPC

Our library of one of the best books on criminal law contains the latest editions of IPC law books and resources that can help you stay up-to-date with the changing laws and procedures for different crimes in the country. Some of the known topics covered in our books are offences against the state, public order, public servants, property, persons, and morality.

2. Criminal Procedure Code (CPC)

Established and came into force on 1st April 1974, the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) is the main legislation governing criminal procedure in India. It is considered as the main legislation on procedure for the administration of substantive criminal law in India. It underlines the rules, regulations, and guidelines for conducting criminal investigations, trials & appeals, arrest procedures, and all kinds of documentation and processes involved in any criminal case processing.

Best books on the CrPC

With more than 65 billion documents that record from more than 45000 legal, news, and business sources, our online bookstore is your go-to place for getting the latest and best books on criminal procedure code and related topics in India. It can help you upskill and research for your case with all the latest information and laws and prepare better than the ones having limited access to legal resources.

3. Evidence Act

The Indian Evidence Act of 1872 was originally passed in India by the Imperial Legislative Council during the British Raj. This act underlines the set of rules and allied issues governing the admissibility of evidence in the Indian courts of law. It helps legal professionals, lawyers, judges, and law practitioners to understand the rules for the admissibility, relevancy, and weight of evidence in Indian courts that can be applied to all civil and criminal proceedings.

Best books on the Evidence Act

Our Best books on criminal law also include books on the Evidence Act of 1872 that talk about different categories such as oral evidence, documentary evidence, circumstantial evidence, and more. Our all updated books and resources can help you understand in-depth the governing procedures for the production, examination, and cross-examination of witnesses, as well as the admissibility of documentary and electronic evidence.

4. Juvenile Justice Act

The Juvenile Justice Act, as the name suggests is the criminal act that underlines the laws and guidelines for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of juveniles–children below 18 years of age, usually 16-18 years. It also specifies the procedures for handling cases involving juveniles, such as the procedures for arrest, bail, trial, and sentencing. This act came into force in 1986 and has undergone several amendments since then.

Best books on the Juvenile Justice Act

Our entire range of online and best books on Juvenile Justice Act can be your handy tool for upgrading yourself while on the go. Keeping yourself updated about different categories of offences that can be committed by juveniles, such as heinous offences, serious offences, and petty offences is now a piece of cake when you are learning with us.

5. Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) Act

formed in 1985, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the primary agency responsible for enforcing the provisions in the matters of drug law enforcement majorly including the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS). This law has gained a lot of prominence in India in the past few decades and helps to combat the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

Best books on the NCB Act

Narcotics Control Bureau Act is one of the most important laws in India important laws in India that lays down the penalties for the production, manufacture, possession, and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Staying updated with all the latest rules, procedures, penalties, and narcotics case processes is easy with LexisNexis® online library that is not just readily available, but also gives you the power of AI-backed content that makes your research more effective and efficient.

6. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)

Money laundering is the process of converting illegally earned large amounts of money into a legitimate source; the money usually comes from various heinous crimes such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling, by converting it into a legitimate source. The Prevention of Money Laundering Act came into effect on 1st July 2005 and was subsequently amended in 2005, 2009, 2012, and 2018 to strengthen the legal framework for combating money laundering and terrorist financing

Best books on the PMLA

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act is an essential law in India that underlines various rules and penalties to prevent and combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Needless to say, this act is very crucial to safeguard financial security and stability in the country and our legal system plays a crucial role in helping the government to identify and penalize the culprits appropriately. our library has some of the best books on prevention of money laundering that can help legal practitioners to prepare better for their case and help increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in combating these crimes.

7. Information Technology Act (IT Act)

Cyber crimes have exponentially increased over the last decade owing to the fast-paced digitization all around the world. The Information Technology Act, of 2000 is an Act of the Indian Parliament that was notified on 17 October 2000 that helps govern any kind of electronic communication, digital transactions, and cybercrimes in the country. Website or mobile Hacking, cyberstalking, identity theft, and cyberterrorism, are some of the top known cyber crimes for which this act lays down proper penalties and processes in place.

Best books on the IT Act

The Information Technology Act is an essential law in India that aims to provide a legal framework for electronic transactions and to combat cybercrimes. LexisNexis® library provides one of the best books on criminal law and the Information Technology Law that can help you upskill, be more confident, and do better research on your cases.

8. Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA)

Corruption is common in Indian and international borders that can involve public servants working at any level and any department in the government sector. Policemen, government regulators, diplomats, clerks, or any other government official can be involved in corruption. This is where the need for the Prevention of Corruption Act becomes all the more essential. The law helps in creating a framework to work on such cases and encourages a culture of integrity, transparency, and accountability in the system.

Best books on the PCA

The Prevention of Corruption Act empowers and supports the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) of India to ensure the smooth functioning of public departments and maintain a higher level of authenticity across functions. This is a very sensitive and important subject for any law students and practising lawyers to study and stay updated on. Some of the best books on criminal law cover this topic and helps them remain updated on all the latest laws, rules, penalties, and processes which can be quite helpful.

9. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act

With the rising strictness of laws that help women protect themselves from different forms of abuse, harassment, violence, and biases at both work and personal life, the introduction of sexual harassment of women at the workplace has gained a lot of popularity in the last decade. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act is an important act that not just ensures the safety of women, but also uplifts the nation at a larger level. The PoSH or the Prevention of sexual harassment committee is a mandated body/committee that has to be formed in all public and private organizations across the country.

Best books on the Sexual Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act

We have some of the best books on criminal law that cover all the kinds of amendments in the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act that have taken place since its inception in 2013. Regular research and keeping yourself updated can lawyers and social service workers get justice for the victims and ensure there is no bias on the basis of their sex, religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth.

10. Special and Local Laws

Local law is an area or territory specific while a special law is focused on a particular subject, unique case, or circumstances. These laws are considered a complete code that underlines guidelines for various special or local cases falling under these categories.

Best books on the Special and Local Laws

LexisNexis® library gives you an easy option to find all the latest resources, bare acts, and books for understanding the special and local laws, why these laws got introduced, and what kind of developments have happened in this category since its inception.

11. Cyber Law

The Cyber law framework under the technology act provides a framework that deals with different kinds of crimes and fraud related to the internet, computer systems, and cyberspace. Anything business related to e-documents that are given legal recognition under cyber law–and are covered with validation, and intellectual property rights–this law provides a structure for smooth functioning for and protection of all. This also includes companies dealing in the IT sector and dealing in any kind of electronic circulation of software, information, payments, or online shopping (e-commerce sites).

Best books on Cyber Law

Cyber law is a specific genre that talks about different kinds of cybercrimes that can affect anyone irrespective of their position, age, location, or profession. Our range of best books on cyber law covers a lot of topics including–cybercrimes, cyber laws, artificial intelligence in cyber crime, cyber security & child protection, fake news, cyber radicalization, cyber law approaches, and a lot more.

12. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

An intellectual property right is a right given to any individual or an organization for the creation of anything that has not been previously covered under the IPR Act and is unique and authentic. From any art-related work to any training material, books, brand logos, survey reports, and research papers to anything that has been created intellectually, comes under this category. There are four types of IPRs–trademarks, copyrights, patents, and trade secrets.

Best books on IPR

Different types of IPR can include patents, domain names, confidential information, databases of different kinds, commercial trademarks and secrets, business or trade names, commercial secrets, and more. Various editions on IPR and a collection of the IPR law books are easily available in our online bookstore–it is readily available for anyone looking to enhance their knowledge on IPR and related topics.

13. Human Rights

Human rights are basic human rights that are inherent to all human beings irrespective of their sex, colour, caste, religion, nationality, or any other demographics. Established in 1993, the Human Rights Act defines basic rights to human beings related to the liberty, equality, and dignity of each individual as enlisted by the constitution of India.

Best books on Human Rights

Understanding human rights is an essential requirement not just for any legal practitioner or law student, but for every individual also. it is imperative to stand for your rights and ensure each human lives with complete dignity and respect. This is where our legal system ensures these rights are understood and easily accessible for anyone looking to understand the same.

14. Case Studies

Case studies are an important source of understanding tactics and strategies to handle and prepare for different types of complex cases, especially criminal cases. There have been a lot of cases that got popularity for their complex and most petrifying stories (factful). Some of these include The Tarakeswar affair (1874), The Murder of Ghosts – Ram Bahadur Thapa (1959), The Nanavati murder case (1959), The contract killing of Mrs. Vidya Jain (1967), Tandoor murders (1995), The murder of Neeraj Grover (2008), D.K. Basu and custodial deaths, Renuka Shinde and Seema Gavit: Child Killers (1990-1996), The Billa – Ranga Case (1978), The rape of Mathura (1972), Bhanwari Devi rape case (1992) and the most epic–The Nirbhaya gang-rape (2012) [1]

Books that cover these case studies

Understanding different cases, their successes and failures, strategies used and important laws is imperative for any lawyer or a law student not just to understand tactics used by famous lawyers, but also not to miss any important law that can help them win any case. Some of the important and best books on criminal law are available on LexisNexis® online bookstore which can help legal practitioners gain knowledge on important cases, develop strategies and prepare for a winning case.

15. Self-Help Books for Legal Procedures

Legal procedures exist because there is a need to create a fair environment where not just the legal authorities, and government systems, but also the citizens realize their rights and obligations. these procedures help to create systems required to define legal actions and how they must be practiced when required. Indian legal system follows a hybrid model that includes civil law, common law, equitable law, and customary & religious laws.

Best self-help books for legal procedures

Finding self-help books on any topic, genre, or case type related to legal procedures is now a piece of cake with LexisNexis KnowlEdge® and LexisNexis Advance® online libraries that use AI for easy navigation, saving searches, and researches for creating an efficient roadmap for better case preparation.

16. Books on Criminal Psychology

Criminological psychology or the study of criminal psychology talks about various aspects of a criminal mind that includes an understanding of the psyche, mental stability, mental issues, views, thoughts that create their intentions, later actions, and expected reactions of criminals and suspects. This study helps lawyers and legal practitioners like policemen, judges, and people involved in criminal cases to think like a criminal and predict their next course of action. Understanding this psychology also helps to identify the root cause of a case and get to a fair conclusion.

Best books on criminal psychology

Best book on criminal psychology is available on LexisNexis® online bookstore that talks about different perspectives of criminal behaviour, how these perspectives have developed over time, the foundations of criminology and more.

17. Books on Forensic Science

When talking about any criminal case, forensics plays an important role in the investigation. Forensic science is the science that helps to investigate crimes or examine pieces of evidence that can be critical to any case and are eligible to be presented in a court of law. Understanding this science, its evolution, and what kind of science can be critical to any case is important for any lawyer, or judge is important so they can cross-examine the evidence and also help bring justice to the victims.

Best books on forensic science

Various books on forensic science cover major aspects of forensic research, famous cases, and how forensic science practices can change the result of any case by providing useful evidence in the court of law. These books are important to gain insights into different kinds of tests required while examining any crime scene or evidence. This understanding is very important for anyone involved in criminal cases including lawyers, policemen, judges, and more.

18. Books on Legal Writing

Legal writing is basically the documentation of any kind of communication that happens between two or more people, corporates, or in a court of law. Legal writing in courts majorly includes documentation of conversations or judgments between the judge & the jury, the judge & advocate, and the counsel & their client (both parties).

Best books on legal writing

Understanding legal writing can help get to the roots of legal documentation, understanding and using appropriate vocabulary that is admissible in the court of law, can be understood by everyone involved in the case, and helps to establish a common language that can help reach better results.

Conclusion

LexisNexis India has some of the best books on criminal law that can provide a detailed explanation of courtroom procedures and the criminal justice system. These books can help you gain a better understanding of the roles, processes, duties, rights, and obligations of citizens and different legal practitioners in the criminal justice system, such as judges, prosecutors, defence attorneys, and juries.